「音楽はなぜ人に喜びを与えるのか」という長年続く議論は決着するのか？

 

「音楽がなぜ人に喜びを与えるのか？」ということは、はるか昔、それこそ古代ギリシャの哲学者・が既に考えていた疑問でした。音楽と喜びの関係は長い歴史の中で思想家たちが思いをめぐらせ、さまざまな考えが提示されてきた分野。中世から現代にかけて、どのように「音楽と喜びの関係」の考え方が変化してきたのか、哲学・歴史・政治を専門とするエディターの氏が記しています。

It’s hard to know why music gives pleasure: is that the point? | Aeon Essays

音楽と喜びの関係性について、中世ヨーロッパの音楽理論家たちは、アリストテレスの「旋律の音色が文章と一緒に働くことで、自然界を模倣する」という理論を支持していました。このような理論は詩の世界でも支持されており、「この世にある自然な感情」が作品の中で再現されることで、人は心地よさを感じるという考え方でした。

18世紀になると、このような考えは主流となっていき、「画家が自然の色合いや形を模倣するように、音楽家は音色、アクセント、吐息といった声の変化を模倣する。実際に、これらのサウンドは情緒や激情を発散する」と考える思想家もいたとのこと。

18世紀、理論家たちの多くは音楽の持つ「美の力」にますます興味を注いでいき、「音楽の形は感情の形を模倣しているのではないか？」「情熱を捉えることができる音色の変化があるのではないか？」という疑問が持たれるようになりました。外交官であり音楽理論家のもその1人で「喜びは私たちの生命力から生まれるものなのだから、喜びを表現する音楽は開放的な旋律の跳躍を使うべきだ」と考えたとのこと。「絶望は下がり気味のメロディーラインで」「早いテンポは欲望」「ゆっくりしたテンポは悲嘆」といったことも、マッテゾンは提唱していきました。「音楽の特徴と人間の感情を関係させていく」というマッテゾンの考えは、現代でもみられ、「運動をするときはアップテンポの曲」「泣きたい時はしっとりした曲」といった選択が行われることも少なくありません。

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しかし、18世紀の思想家にとって音楽表現の性質や真意を正確に突き止めることは簡単ではありませんでした。この難しさについて哲学者のは「絵画は対象物そのものを示してみせ、詩は対象物について説明します。しかし、音楽は対象物についての考えをかき立てるだけです。自然界を模倣する3つの芸術のうち、音楽は最も恣意的で、厳密さが欠けた力強い語りを魂に行います。対象物についてあまり示さず、イマジネーションだけを置いていくのです」と記しています。特に、テキストの含まれない音楽において、この特徴は顕著になるとのこと。

このように考えたのはディドロだけではありませんでした。18世紀終わりになると「詩と音楽が合わさることで自然界を模倣する」というアリストテレスの思想とは異なる考えが現れるようになります。学者のも同様に「音楽は正確性を欠いているからこそ喜びを生み出す」という考えの持ち主でした。これらの思想家たちは音楽の持つ「移ろいやすさ」「解釈に基づく演出」を強調したとのこと。音楽は人それぞれが自由に演奏でき、聞き手はその演奏を通して思いを巡らせ、新しい性質を発見し、意味を見いだし、喜びを感じるわけです。

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18世紀に活躍した音楽家の1人にが存在しますが、バッハの複雑な音楽は、1つ1つの要素を聞いて解釈するのが難しいものでした。このため、思想家の中には「バッハの音楽を楽しむのは難しい」と考えたり、「聞き手が感情を抱くことができないのでは」と懸念する人もいました。弁護士・作曲家・音楽コメンテーターであった氏はこの種の音楽を作り出す作曲家について「愛情を全て忘れてしまったのではないか」と記すほどでした。

しかし、別の文章でクラウスはバッハのような複雑な音楽について「全ての声がうまく働いた時、作曲かが言うような『壮大さ』『称賛』『熱意』『喜び』が表現されていることに気づいた。そして心は昇華されたより強い感情で満たされた」とも記しています。クラウスは最終的に、この種の複雑な音楽に「無限の体験」の可能性を見いだしました。

クラウスのような考えが広まる中で、19世紀に活躍した音楽評論家のは、マッテゾンが提唱した「音楽の特徴と人間の感情のつながり」という理論を批判するように。マッテゾンの音楽のとらえ方は、聞き手が1つの音楽を同じように聞くことを推奨する、というのがハンスリックの見方です。ハンスリックは、「音楽の喜びとは、作曲家が作品をどのようにデザインしたのかを理解しようとする試みによって得られる知的な満足である」と考えました。ハンスリックの考えは「音楽は喜びを与える」というこれまでの思想の真逆に位置するもの。ハンスリックにとって「ある種の複雑な音楽」は称賛に値するものでした。

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20世紀、ハンスリックの考えに否定的な理論家もいました。哲学者のはアートの解釈における「象徴性」を説いた人物。それまでの思想家と同じく、ランガーは音楽の「欠如」という部分に意味を見いだしました。ランガーにとって音楽は、ハンスリックが考えたような「決まった意味がある」ものではなく、「未完成の象徴を暗示的に示している」ものでした。象徴としての音楽を聴くことによって、人は自分自身にとっての感情的な物語を作ることができます。自分自身の感情に照らし合わせて意味を決定していく作業は知的なものであるとランガーは考えました。

2007年に亡くなったも全体論や構造を重視するの観点からランガーと同じ立場に立つ人物です。メイヤーは、音楽は抽象的で非指示的な要素から成り立ち、音楽を聴いた人は自分の「予想」から逸脱した部分に喜びを感じると考えました。

ランガーやメイヤーの思想は現代にも引き継がれています。特に現代の音楽教育でこのような理論が用いられることが多く、特定の聴き方が重視され、「音楽の喜びは、音楽を作り出したから何かを見つけ出すことにある」と考えられがちです。しかし、このような思想では、音楽を作った「個人」は軽視されるリスクもあります。

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しかし、そもそも「音楽」において「何が喜びを生み出すか」という点ばかりが重視
されているのではないか、という指摘もあります。音楽と喜びはいずれも主観的な認識に基づきます。両者とも具体的で明確な現象ですが、その性質上、詳しく説明することが難しいもの。長い歴史の中で音楽と喜びの関係について議論されてきた理由がこの性質にあるとするならば、両者の関係について決着を付けるのは非常に難しいことだといえそうです。

 

ゼロ除算の発見は日本です：

∞？？？    

∞は定まった数ではない・

人工知能はゼロ除算ができるでしょうか：

 

とても興味深く読みました：2014年2月2日　4周年を超えました：

ゼロ除算の発見と重要性を指摘した：日本、再生核研究所

 

 

ゼロ除算関係論文・本

 

2017年11月15日(水)
テーマ：

The null set is conceptually similar to the role of the number “zero” as it is used in quantum field theory. In quantum field theory, one can take the empty set, the vacuum, and generate all possible physical configurations of the Universe being modelled by acting on it with creation operators, and one can similarly change from one thing to another by applying mixtures of creation and anihillation operators to suitably filled or empty states. The anihillation operator applied to the vacuum, however, yields zero.

Zero in this case is the null set – it stands, quite literally, for no physical state in the Universe. The important point is that it is not possible to act on zero with a creation operator to create something; creation operators only act on the vacuum which is empty but not zero. Physicists are consequently fairly comfortable with the existence of operations that result in “nothing” and don’t even require that those operations be contradictions, only operationally non-invertible.

It is also far from unknown in mathematics. When considering the set of all real numbers as quantities and the operations of ordinary arithmetic, the “empty set” is algebraically the number zero (absence of any quantity, positive or negative). However, when one performs a division operation algebraically, one has to be careful to exclude division by zero from the set of permitted operations! The result of division by zero isn’t zero, it is “not a number” or “undefined” and is not in the Universe of real numbers.

Just as one can easily “prove” that 1 = 2 if one does algebra on this set of numbers as if one can divide by zero legitimately3.34, so in logic one gets into trouble if one assumes that the set of all things that are in no set including the empty set is a set within the algebra, if one tries to form the set of all sets that do not include themselves, if one asserts a Universal Set of Men exists containing a set of men wherein a male barber shaves all men that do not shave themselves3.35.

It is not – it is the null set, not the empty set, as there can be no male barbers in a non-empty set of men (containing at least one barber) that shave all men in that set that do not shave themselves at a deeper level than a mere empty list. It is not an empty set that could be filled by some algebraic operation performed on Real Male Barbers Presumed to Need Shaving in trial Universes of Unshaven Males as you can very easily see by considering any particular barber, perhaps one named “Socrates”, in any particular Universe of Men to see if any of the sets of that Universe fit this predicate criterion with Socrates as the barber. Take the empty set (no men at all). Well then there are no barbers, including Socrates, so this cannot be the set we are trying to specify as it clearly must contain at least one barber and we’ve agreed to call its relevant barber Socrates. (and if it contains more than one, the rest of them are out of work at the moment).

Suppose a trial set contains Socrates alone. In the classical rendition we ask, does he shave himself? If we answer “no”, then he is a member of this class of men who do not shave themselves and therefore must shave himself. Oops. Well, fine, he must shave himself. However, if he does shave himself, according to the rules he can only shave men who don’t shave themselves and so he doesn’t shave himself. Oops again. Paradox. When we try to apply the rule to a potential Socrates to generate the set, we get into trouble, as we cannot decide whether or not Socrates should shave himself.

Note that there is no problem at all in the existential set theory being proposed. In that set theory either Socrates must shave himself as All Men Must Be Shaven and he’s the only man around. Or perhaps he has a beard, and all men do not in fact need shaving. Either way the set with just Socrates does not contain a barber that shaves all men because Socrates either shaves himself or he doesn’t, so we shrug and continue searching for a set that satisfies our description pulled from an actual Universe of males including barbers. We immediately discover that adding more men doesn’t matter. As long as those men, barbers or not, either shave themselves or Socrates shaves them they are consistent with our set description (although in many possible sets we find that hey, other barbers exist and shave other men who do not shave themselves), but in no case can Socrates (as our proposed single barber that shaves all men that do not shave themselves) be such a barber because he either shaves himself (violating the rule) or he doesn’t (violating the rule). Instead of concluding that there is a paradox, we observe that the criterion simply doesn’t describe any subset of any possible Universal Set of Men with no barbers, including the empty set with no men at all, or any subset that contains at least Socrates for any possible permutation of shaving patterns including ones that leave at least some men unshaven altogether.

 

 I understand your note as if you are saying the limit is infinity but nothing is equal to infinity, but you concluded corretly infinity is undefined. Your example of getting the denominator smaller and smalser the result of the division is a very large number that approches infinity. This is the intuitive mathematical argument that plunged philosophy into mathematics. at that level abstraction mathematics, as well as phyisics become the realm of philosophi. The notion of infinity is more a philosopy question than it is mathamatical. The reason we cannot devide by zero is simply axiomatic as Plato pointed out. The underlying reason for the axiom is because sero is nothing and deviding something by nothing is undefined. That axiom agrees with the notion of limit infinity, i.e. undefined. There are more phiplosphy books and thoughts about infinity in philosophy books than than there are discussions on infinity in math books.

 

 

ゼロ除算の歴史：ゼロ除算はゼロで割ることを考えるであるが、アリストテレス以来問題とされ、ゼロの記録がインドで初めて６２８年になされているが、既にそのとき、正解1/0が期待されていたと言う。しかし、理論づけられず、その後１３００年を超えて、不可能である、あるいは無限、無限大、無限遠点とされてきたものである。

An Early Reference to Division by Zero C. B. Boyer

 

OUR HUMANITY AND DIVISION BY ZERO

Lea esta bitácora en español
There is a mathematical concept that says that division by zero has no meaning, or is an undefined expression, because it is impossible to have a real number that could be multiplied by zero in order to obtain another number different from zero.
While this mathematica
l concept has been held as true for centuries, when it comes to the human level the present situation in global societies has, for a very long time, been contradicting it. It is true that we don’t all live in a mathematical world or with mathematical concepts in our heads all the time. However, we cannot deny that societies around the globe are trying to disprove this simple mathematical concept: that division by zero is an impossible equation to solve.
Yes! We are all being divided by zero tolerance, zero acceptance, zero love, zero compassion, zero willingness to learn more about the other and to find intelligent and fulfilling ways to adapt to new ideas, concepts, ways of doing things, people and cultures. We are allowing these ‘zero denominators’ to run our equations, our lives, our souls.
Each and every single day we get more divided and distanced from other people who are different from us. We let misinformation and biased concepts divide us, and we buy into these aberrant concepts in such a way, that we get swept into this division by zero without checking our consciences first.
I believe, however, that if we change the zeros in any of the “divisions by zero” that are running our lives, we will actually be able to solve the non-mathematical concept of this equation: the human concept.
>I believe deep down that we all have a heart, a conscience, a brain to think with, and, above all, an immense desire to learn and evolve. And thanks to all these positive things that we do have within, I also believe that we can use them to learn how to solve our “division by zero” mathematical impossibility at the human level. I am convinced that the key is open communication and an open heart. Nothing more, nothing less.
Are we scared of, or do we feel baffled by the way another person from another culture or country looks in comparison to us? Are we bothered by how people from other cultures dress, eat, talk, walk, worship, think, etc.? Is this fear or bafflement so big that we much rather reject people and all the richness they bring within?
How about if instead of rejecting or retreating from that person—division of our humanity by zero tolerance or zero acceptance—we decided to give them and us a chance?
How about changing that zero tolerance into zero intolerance? Why not dare ask questions about the other person’s culture and way of life? Let us have the courage to let our guard down for a moment and open up enough for this person to ask us questions about our culture and way of life. How about if we learned to accept that while a person from another culture is living and breathing in our own culture, it is totally impossible for him/her to completely abandon his/her cultural values in order to become what we want her to become?
Let’s be totally honest with ourselves at least: Would any of us really renounce who we are and where we come from just to become what somebody else asks us to become?
If we are not willing to lose our identity, why should we ask somebody else to lose theirs?
I believe with all my heart that if we practiced positive feelings—zero intolerance, zero non-acceptance, zero indifference, zero cruelty—every day, the premise that states that division by zero is impossible would continue being true, not only in mathematics, but also at the human level. We would not be divided anymore; we would simply be building a better world for all of us.
Hoping to have touched your soul in a meaningful way,
Adriana Adarve, Asheville, NC
…/our-humanity-and-division…/

 

5000年？？？？？

2017年09月01日(金)NEW ! 
テーマ：数学
Former algebraic approach was formally perfect, but it merely postulated existence of sets and morphisms [18] without showing methods to construct them. The primary concern of modern algebras is not how an operation can be performed, but whether it maps into or onto and the like abstract issues [19–23]. As important as this may be for proofs, the nature does not really care about all that. The PM’s concerns were not constructive, even though theoretically significant. We need thus an approach that is more relevant to operations performed in nature, which never complained about morphisms or the allegedly impossible division by zero, as far as I can tell. Abstract sets and morphisms should be de-emphasized as hardly operational. My decision to come up with a definite way to implement the feared division by zero was not really arbitrary, however. It has removed a hidden paradox from number theory and an obvious absurd from algebraic group theory. It was necessary step for full deployment of constructive, synthetic mathematics (SM) [2,3]. Problems hidden in PM implicitly affect all who use mathematics, even though we may not always be aware of their adverse impact on our thinking. Just take a look at the paradox that emerges from the usual prescription for multiplication of zeros that remained uncontested for some 5000 years 0
0 ¼ 0 ) 0
1=1 ¼ 0 ) 0
1 ¼ 0
1) 1ð? ¼ ?Þ1 ð0aÞ This ‘‘fact’’ was covered up by the infamous prohibition on division by zero [2]. How ingenious. If one is prohibited from dividing by zero one could not obtain this paradox. Yet the prohibition did not really make anything right. It silenced objections to irresponsible reasonings and prevented corrections to the PM’s flamboyant axiomatizations. The prohibition on treating infinity as invertible counterpart to zero did not do any good either. We use infinity in calculus for symbolic calculations of limits [24], for zero is the infinity’s twin [25], and also in projective geometry as well as in geometric mapping of complex numbers. Therein a sphere is cast onto the plane that is tangent to it and its free (opposite) pole in a point at infinity [26–28]. Yet infinity as an inverse to the natural zero removes the whole absurd (0a), for we obtain [2] 0 ¼ 1=1 ) 0
0 ¼ 1=12 > 0 0 ð0bÞ Stereographic projection of complex numbers tacitly contradicted the PM’s prescribed way to multiply zeros, yet it was never openly challenged. The old formula for multiplication of zeros (0a) is valid only as a practical approximation, but it is group-theoretically inadmissible in no-nonsense reasonings. The tiny distinction in formula (0b) makes profound theoretical difference for geometries and consequently also for physical applications. T

とても興味深く読みました：

 

 

10,000 Year Clock
by Renny Pritikin
Conversation with Paolo Salvagione, lead engineer on the 10,000-year clock project, via e-mail in February 2010.

For an introduction to what we’re talking about here’s a short excerpt from a piece by Michael Chabon, published in 2006 in Details: ….Have you heard of this thing? It is going to be a kind of gigantic mechanical computer, slow, simple and ingenious, marking the hour, the day, the year, the century, the millennium, and the precession of the equinoxes, with a huge orrery to keep track of the immense ticking of the six naked-eye planets on their great orbital mainspring. The Clock of the Long Now will stand sixty feet tall, cost tens of millions of dollars, and when completed its designers and supporters plan to hide it in a cave in the Great Basin National Park in Nevada, a day’s hard walking from anywhere. Oh, and it’s going to run for ten thousand years. But even if the Clock of the Long Now fails to last ten thousand years, even if it breaks down after half or a quarter or a tenth that span, this mad contraption will already have long since fulfilled its purpose. Indeed the Clock may have accomplished its greatest task before it is ever finished, perhaps without ever being built at all. The point of the Clock of the Long Now is not to measure out the passage, into their unknown future, of the race of creatures that built it. The point of the Clock is to revive and restore the whole idea of the Future, to get us thinking about the Future again, to the degree if not in quite the way same way that we used to do, and to reintroduce
the notion that we don’t just bequeath the future—though we do, whether we think about it or not. We also, in the very broadest sense of the first person plural pronoun, inherit it.

Renny Pritikin: When we were talking the other day I said that this sounds like a cross between Borges and the vast underground special effects from Forbidden Planet. I imagine you hear lots of comparisons like that…

Paolo Salvagione: (laughs) I can’t say I’ve heard that comparison. A childhood friend once referred to the project as a cross between Tinguely and Fabergé. When talking about the clock, with people, there’s that divide-by-zero moment (in the early days of computers to divide by zero was a sure way to crash the computer) and I can understand why. Where does one place, in one’s memory, such a thing, such a concept? After the pause, one could liken it to a reboot, the questions just start streaming out.

RP: OK so I think the word for that is nonplussed. Which the thesaurus matches with flummoxed, bewildered, at a loss. So the question is why even (I assume) fairly sophisticated people like your friends react like that. Is it the physical scale of the plan, or the notion of thinking 10,000 years into the future—more than the length of human history?

PS: I’d say it’s all three and more. I continue to be amazed by the specificity of the questions asked. Anthropologists ask a completely different set of questions than say, a mechanical engineer or a hedge fund manager. Our disciplines tie us to our perspectives. More than once, a seemingly innocent question has made an impact on the design of the clock. It’s not that we didn’t know the answer, sometimes we did, it’s that we hadn’t thought about it from the perspective of the person asking the question. Back to your question. I think when sophisticated people, like you, thread this concept through their own personal narrative it tickles them. Keeping in mind some people hate to be tickled.

RP: Can you give an example of a question that redirected the plan? That’s really so interesting, that all you brainiacs slaving away on this project and some amateur blithely pinpoints a problem or inconsistency or insight that spins it off in a different direction. It’s like the butterfly effect.

PS: Recently a climatologist pointed out that our equation of time cam, (photo by Rolfe Horn) (a cam is a type of gear: link) a device that tracks the difference between solar noon and mundane noon as well as the precession of the equinoxes, did not account for the redistribution of water away from the earth’s poles. The equation-of-time cam is arguably one of the most aesthetically pleasing parts of the clock. It also happens to be one that is fairly easy to explain. It visually demonstrates two extremes. If you slice it, like a loaf of bread, into 10,000 slices each slice would represent a year. The outside edge of the slice, let’s call it the crust, represents any point in that year, 365 points, 365 days. You could, given the right amount of magnification, divide it into hours, minutes, even seconds. Stepping back and looking at the unsliced cam the bottom is the year 2000 and the top is the year 12000. The twist that you see is the precession of the equinoxes. Now here’s the fun part, there’s a slight taper to the twist, that’s the slowing of the earth on its axis. As the ice at the poles melts we have a redistribution of water, we’re all becoming part of the “slow earth” movement.

RP: Are you familiar with Charles Ray’s early work in which you saw a plate on a table, or an object on the wall, and they looked stable, but were actually spinning incredibly slowly, or incredibly fast, and you couldn’t tell in either case? Or, more to the point, Tim Hawkinson’s early works in which he had rows of clockwork gears that turned very very fast, and then down the line, slower and slower, until at the end it approached the slowness that you’re dealing with?

PS: The spinning pieces by Ray touches on something we’re trying to avoid. We want you to know just how fast or just how slow the various parts are moving. The beauty of the Ray piece is that you can’t tell, fast, slow, stationary, they all look the same. I’m not familiar with the Hawkinson clockwork piece. I’ve see the clock pieces where he hides the mechanism and uses unlikely objects as the hands, such as the brass clasp on the back of a manila envelope or the tab of a coke can.

RP: Spin Sink (1 Rev./100 Years) (1995), in contrast, is a 24-foot-long row of interlocking gears, the smallest of which is driven by a whirring toy motor that in turn drives each consecutively larger and more slowly turning gear up to the largest of all, which rotates approximately once every one hundred years.

PS: I don’t know how I missed it, it’s gorgeous. Linking the speed that we can barely see with one that we rarely have the patience to wait for.

RP: : So you say you’ve opted for the clock’s time scale to be transparent. How will the clock communicate how fast it’s going?

PS: By placing the clock in a mountain we have a reference to long time. The stratigraphy provides us with the slowest metric. The clock is a middle point between millennia and seconds. Looking back 10,000 years we find the beginnings of civilization. Looking at an earthenware vessel from that era we imagine its use, the contents, the craftsman. The images painted or inscribed on the outside provide some insight into the lives and the languages of the distant past. Often these interpretations are flawed, biased or over-reaching. What I’m most enchanted by is that we continue to construct possible pasts around these objects, that our curiosity is overwhelming. We line up to see the treasures of Tut, or the remains of frozen ancestors. With the clock we are asking you to create possible futures, long futures, and with them the narratives that made them happen.

 

The following is also from 2 pages of yesterday’s Sankei Shimbun.

It is an unexpected fact that Japan has been criticized as being a servile diplomacy of the United States, from the malicious peripheral nations and the leftist activists, and it is scattered.

A truly ridiculous recommendation like this time … no recommendation to China etc. which is the world’s largest and the worst human rights violation nation,

It is impossible to keep silent about the form of CERD that is no longer tolerable, repeatedly attacking repeatedly, targeting Japan.

We must suspend support right now in the UN budget that is spent on CERD.

Ultimately, Japan and the US led the time to notice that there is no way to rectify the world besides making a coalition of countries of true freedom and democracy, as well.

US suspension of Palestinian support

US paper news refugee definition change request

WASHINGTON – Hiroyuki Kano, The Washington Post reported on Thursday that the Trump regime decided to stop the contribution to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).

It is expected to announce it within a few weeks, saying that neighboring countries are asking for a substitution.

The United States is the largest contributor to UNRWA, and in fact it is concerned that the deterioration of the situation in Gaza in Palestine Autonomous Region will cause further violence against Israel.

The U.S. government is calling for reforms such as the definition of refugees to be supported by UNRWA and the use of support money and excluding their descendants with only about 5 million Palestinian refugee status qualified as refugees at the time of Israel’s founding in 1948 It is also a policy to encourage people to reduce it to less than 1/10.

According to the newspaper, the budget of UNRWA is $ 1.1 billion (about 122 billion yen), and the U.S. was burdened with this about 1/3.

The U.S. government has also decided to cancel the $ 200 million assistance targeting the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, separately. The Trump regime aims to respond to the Palestinian autonomous government’s pressure to resume peace negotiations with Israel.

However, the Palestinian side has strongly repulsed because refugee definition change involves the problem of ‘returning right’.

*Every 2nd and 4th Monday, we post Café Byron Bay’s owner, Noah’s blog. 🙂

I always think about many things throughout my days of running this place.

Every day, I realise/learn something new, make mistakes, try to make the mistake worthwhile, and then try new approaches. Having that fact in my mind, honestly, I’m so grateful that I can do my job under that sort of amazing environment, and that I can improve and grow because I am imperfect. 🙂

Originally, I opened Café Byron Bay by making a huge amount of debt, because I had a strong desire and conviction from my past experience, which was, “By mastering the English language, many people will spread the circle of encounters that will increase the possibility of meeting people whom they would not have been able to meet, if they couldn’t speak English.

“Even if they are mentally tired right now, or even if they think that they want to end their lives.. They will become able to find a new trigger to get away from the lives they don’t like, or find a new trigger to change their current lives.”

Time flies, as it’s already the 4th year for Café Byron Bay, and I’ve been having conversations about so many different things with people that I met through this place. I always think that, a ‘Bar’ is such a special and unique place, that we can catch a glimpse of so many people’s real lives.

There are a lot of different kinds of jobs in this world, however, it is quite difficult to find a job that can feel this close to people’s lives. Through this place called Café Byron Bay, everyday we talk about so many things by using ‘English’ as our common language, and there is one thing that I always realise by having conversations with people that have different jobs, ages, genders, and backgrounds, which is..

“No matter if it’s Japanese people or foreigners or wherever they were born.. no matter if they can speak English or not, if they are married or not, or, if they work for someone else or if they run their own business. Every single person has something that he/she worries about, has some kind of pain, but continue living their lives after all.” Well, it’s just an ordinary thing though, really.

My brain was so simple back then, that I was thinking, “People from Japan will be happier, if they master the English language!”

Of course, that is true in a way that, if you actually make your language skill worthwhile, you can definitely live a life that is beyond a new dimension, which makes the view completely different from the one you saw before. Even myself, I would not have been able to live this kind of life, if I couldn’t speak English in the first place.

Despite that amazing benefit of being able to speak English, at the moment which is February in 2017, what I’ve been thinking is.. In this period of time, being able to speak the English language is not enough to make a person’s living happy. People around the world including myself need some other aspects, in order to live our lives wealthier and happier. This has been my kind of theme lately.

People around me often say, “You look so happy every day, Noah. That is an amazing thing,” or, “I envy that you make a living doing the job you really love.”

However, I’m no different from any of them to be honest. I do worry about things sometimes, and struggle a lot with many things. There are many things that don’t go as I expected, and often I get disappointed toward myself.. I’m just a human being, aren’t I?

Through my days, what is always in my mind is, “How can I support people around me to become happier?”

By having that kind of thought, what I realised recently is, “If I want to make people around me happier, then what I need to do is to make myself happier first,” that is to say the approach of ‘Inside out’. I completely forgot about this important principle I learnt a long time ago..

Like the law of gravity, which is nature’s law, there are ‘Laws’ to make us human beings wealthier and happier. By the way, because they are ‘Laws’ not ‘Skills’ or ‘Techniques’ like the ones written in a lot of self-help books these days. They are completely different things.

I realised that I made excuses because I was so busy, and totally forgot about this important principle of ‘Inside out’. By the way, ‘Inside out’ means, ‘You start working on the inside of yourself first’.. Let me give my past experience as an example to explain it clearly.

A long time ago, I was frustrated all the time because I couldn’t get many shifts at a restaurant I had just started working at. I couldn’t understand why it was like that and was complaining, “Why xxx (other staff) are getting more shifts, but me?”

Having those complaints for a while, I came to realise one thing, which was, “Is the problem actually myself, that maybe because I am not providing the work they are expecting, therefore I’m not getting more shifts..?”

When I calmed down a little and looked around, other staff that were getting more shifts could do more things that I couldn’t even do, and they were actually working really hard. The quality of service they provided was amazing, that there were so many people coming to the restaurant because of them.

On the other hand, I was always working by thinking ‘How can I work less hard?’ and blaming the restaurants and my boss all the time without considering my lack of skill, or without even trying to change myself. I was thinking, “I can work harder if I can get more shifts,” and was making excuses not to work hard, because of the environment around me. I guess I was just too young and knew nothing at that time though (haha).

After I realised the facts, ‘It’s not that I can work harder because I have a lot of shifts, but it’s the opposite that because I work harder and provide the work they expect me to do, I can get more shifts’, and ‘I am the one who is responsible for every single circumstance that I have right now’.. I started working harder than ever before.

Actually I didn’t even care about increasing my shifts anymore, but rather, I just took my job seriously, not expecting anything in return, and tried my hardest to do more work than the restaurant expected. 

I read a lot of books to learn, practiced the things I do at work when I went home after work. I observed other staff that were working there longer than I did, and copied the things that I thought were great, and improved the things I thought weren’t good.

I didn’t like handing out flyers or cleaning the restroom, but I started to do the best I could do towards every single task that was in front of me, as I realised that was an important attitude. As a result, roughly about six months later, I was getting more shifts than any other members of staff at the restaurant, was promoted, and got a much higher salary, which I didn’t even expect.

If I kept being frustrated by blaming the outside environment for the reason why I couldn’t get the result I wanted..

Not that I would’ve been able to increase my shifts, but rather, I’m quite sure that I would’ve left the restaurant by having plausible excuses, like, “This is not a good environment to work,” or, “Other places will appreciate my value more.”

I could change the outside situation, only because I looked into myself and worked on the inside, which means I took the approach of ‘Inside out’, instead of blaming the outside environment for the reason why I was having that sort of situation. The lesson I learnt a long time ago somehow slipped from my mind lately..

In this post, I gave my past workplace as an example, but this ‘Inside out’ approach applies to various situations in our lives, s
o please give it a try and see the result yourself, next time when you feel like you hit a wall. If you ever think that the ‘Problem is outside’, then that way of thinking is the real problem. It is a law of nature that, we must change ourselves first, which means on the inside.

There are many principles in this world, in order to live our lives healthier and happier.. and, in the near future, I’m going to start a study course by acting as a facilitator to focus on learning and putting into practice those principles. So, please join the course if you are interested. Including myself, it is always great to learn and improve with a ‘Team’, instead of doing it all alone.. it’s going to be really stimulating and a lot of fun. 🙂

That is all for today, thank you so much for reading this post until the end. 🙂

‘How can people including myself live our lives healthier and happier?’

Having that thought in my mind, I am standing at the café today. <3

 

　※毎月、第２・第４月曜日に、カフェ　バイロンベイオーナー・ノアのブログをお送りします(^^)

　このお店を運営する日々の中で、いろんなことを思う。

　毎日、何か新しいことに気づいたり、学んだり。失敗したり、その反省を活かして、新たな試みをしてみたり・・。ほんとね、毎日自分の至らなさ、そして、それがあるからこそ成長できる今を、こんな素晴らしい環境下で仕事をさせてもらえていることに、心から感謝します(^^)

　元々、あたし自身の経験から、「英語が喋れるようになることで、喋れなかった頃には得ることのなかった、いろんな人達との出逢いが広がって・・。自分にとって、いい影響を与えてくれる存在と出逢う確率が上がることで、今は心が疲れていたとしても、もし、死にたいと思っていたとしても。そんな日々から抜け出すための、人生を変える何か新しいキッカケが生まれるはずだ」という想いを胸に、ただそのことを信じて、大借金してまでオープンした「カフェ バイロンベイ」。

　早いもので、もう４年目になるこのお店と、このお店を通して出逢ったみんなと、これまで本当にいろんな話をしてきてね。いろんな人の人生を垣間見ることのできる、「バー」という空間。何とも言えない特別な場所だと、常々思います。

　世の中にある様々な職業の中で、ここまで「人の人生に、触れることのできる仕事」というのは、早々ないもの。カフェ バイロンベイという空間通して、「英語」という言語を使って、あたしたちは毎日いろんな話をしてね。そんな、仕事も年齢も性別も、育ってきた環境も異なるたくさんの人達と話をする中で、いつも気づかされることがあってさ。

　それは、「日本人でも外国人でも、生まれ育った場所がどこでも。英語が喋れても喋れなくても、結婚してても、していなくても・・。雇われでも経営者でも、結局のところみーんな悩んでいて、それぞれがいろんな苦しみを抱えながら、生きているんだ」っていうこと。まぁ、当たり前と言えば、当たり前のことなんだけれど。

　あたしは単純で、このお店をオープンする前は、「日本で育った人達がみんな、英語を喋れるようになれば、みんな今よりもっともっと、幸せになれるはずだ！」とばかり思っていたのね。もちろん、ある意味でそれは間違いなくて、「英語が喋れる」というスキルを活かしさえすれば、それまで自分が見てきた景色とは異なる、「新しい次元の人生」を生きることができるのは確か。あたし自身、もし英語が喋れていなかったとしたら、今とは全く別の人生を歩んでいたはずだから。

　そのことを、英語が喋れることの素晴らしさをふまえた上で、２０１７年２月現在、今のあたしが思うのは・・。この時代で、人が幸せに生きていくためには、英語が喋れるだけでは足りないんだっていうこと。あたしを含め、世の中の人達がより豊かに、より幸せに生きていくためには、他の要素も必要なのよね。最近、あたしの中にあるテーマは、専らそのあたりのことで。

　よくね、周りの人達からは、「のあは、幸せそうでいいよね」「好きなことを仕事にしていて、羨ましい」みたいなことを、言われるんだけれど・・。ぶっちゃけ、あたしもみんなと変わらないというか、悩むことだってあるし、苦戦してることだって、たくさんあるのよね。上手くいかないことだってたくさんあるし、自分に凹むことだっていっぱいある。あたしだって、所詮ただの人間だもん。

　毎日を過ごす中で、常にあたしの頭の中にあるのは、「どうやったら、もっと自分の周りにいる人達が、元氣になるんだろう？」っていうこと。

　そんなことを思いながら、最近ハッと気づいたのは、「周りにいる人達が、より豊かで幸せであることを願うなら、まずはあたし自身が、より豊かで幸せであることが必要なんじゃん」っていう、「インサイド・アウト」のアプローチ。もう、随分昔に学んだこの原則を、あたしはすっかり忘れてしまっていたんです。

　重力の法則みたいな、「自然界の法則」と一緒でさ。この世の中には、人がより豊かに、より幸せに生きるための「法則」があるのよね。ちなみに、それらは法則なので、よく自己啓発の本に載っているようなスキルとかテクニックとかとは、全然違うもの。

　あたしは、忙しい日々を言い訳にして、すっかりこの「インサイド・アウト」という大切な原則を、忘れてしまっていたの。ちなみに、インサイド・アウトっていうのは、「まず、自分の内側から始める」ということ。それがどういうことなのか、あたしの体験談を例に挙げると・・。

　その昔、あたしは働き始めたばかりの某飲食店で、なかなかシフトに入れてもらうことができなくて、いつも不満を抱えていたのね。「何で○○（他のスタッフ）は、あんなにたくさんシフトに入ってて、あたしばっかり削られるわけ？」って、全然納得がいかなくて。そして、そんな風に不平不満を繰り返すうちに、ふと気づいたの。「あたしがシフトに入れてもらえないのは、お店側から求められている仕事を、あたしが出来ていないからなんじゃないか」って・・。

　冷静になって周りを見渡した時、たくさんシフトに入れてもらえている他のスタッフはみんな、あたしよりもずっと仕事が出来て、本当に一生懸命働いていたのよね。接客時の対応も素晴らしくて、そんな彼らを目当てにお店に来る人達は、後を絶えなくて。

　その一方で、あたしはいつも「いかに手を抜くか」を考えながら、仕事をしていたり。自分の�
��不足を棚に上げて、自分を変えようともせず、シフトに入れないことを上司やお店のせいにしていてさ。「もっとシフトに入れてもらえさえすれば、あたしだってもっと頑張るのに」って・・。自分が頑張らない理由を、いつだって周りの環境のせいにしてた。いやー、若かったんだろうね。笑

　そして、「シフトに入れてもらえるから頑張るんじゃなくて、一生懸命頑張るから、シフトに入れてもらえるんだ」っていうことに、「自分が置かれる状況は全て、自分自身に責任があるんだ」ということに気づいてからというもの、とにかく我武者羅に頑張るようになったのよね。それも、シフトを増やしてもらうことを願いながら働くんじゃなくて、見返りを気にせず、ただ求められる以上の仕事をしようと思って、真剣に働くようになったの。

　本をたくさん読んで、勉強したり。教えてもらったことを、家に帰ってから１人で練習したり・・。勤務中に、先輩スタッフを観察しては、いいとこは真似して「これは、違うな」と思うことは、自分流にアレンジして。トイレ掃除やビラ配りなんかの、一見自分がやりたくないようなことでも、とにかく目の前にある仕事を一生懸命やることが大切だと思ったので、キチンとやるようにしてさ。

　その結果、半年が過ぎる頃には・・。あたしは、他のどのスタッフよりもたくさんシフトに入れてもらえるようになっていて、気づけば随分上の立場にまで昇進していたの。言うまでもなく、給料も超上がったしね。懐かしいなぁ。

　あの時、自分が求める結果が手に入らないことを、自分の「外側」にある状況のせいにしたままだったら。

　シフトを増やしてもらうどころか、きっと「この店は、働く環境が良くない」「他の職場なら、もっとあたしの価値をわかってくれるはずだ」って・・。尤もらしい言い訳をして、お店を辞めていたと思う。

　自分が置かれている状況を、外にあるもののせいにするんじゃなくて、自分の内面に目を向け、内側に働きかけることで、「インサイド・アウト」のアプローチをとることで、結果的に外の状況を変えることができたのよね。あの時の教訓を、最近のあたしはすっかり忘れてしまっていたみたいです。

　ここでは、あたしが過去に働いた職場の話を例に挙げたけれど、この「インサイド ・アウト」という原則は、人生の様々な場面で使うことができるので、何か壁にぶつかった時なんかに、ぜひ試してもらえたらと思います。「問題は、外にある」と思ったら、その考え自体が問題。どんな時でも、まず変えるべきは「自分の内側」なのよねぇ。これ、ほんと。

　この他にも、人生をより豊かに、より幸せなものにするための「原理原則」というのは、たくさんあるんだけれど・・。近日中に、あたしがファシリテーターとなって、それらの原則を集中して学ぶためのコースをカフェ　バイロンベイにて開催する予定なので、興味がある人はぜひ！参加してみてもらえたらと思います(^^)　あたしを含め、他の参加者と一緒になって学んでいく環境は、とっても刺激的だし、きっと面白いはずだからさ。

　そんな感じで、今週も最後まで読んでくれて、有り難うございました(^^)

　「どうすれば、自分と世の中の人達が、より豊かに、より幸せに生きていくことができるのか」。

　そんなことを考えつつ、今日もお店に立つあたしなわけです☆

A cool article to understand humans who control TBS ‘s press department, making incredibly incoherent editing, extremely bad biased coverage of the TBS (Mainichi Broadcasting) program of the previous chapter, It is in the topic interview feature by Ms. Yoshiko Sakurai and Mr. Naoki Hyakuta of the monthly magazine WiLL released on the 25th, ‘Japan, regain the history!’

Preamble abridgment.

‘Spirit remodeling’ of GHQ to Japan

Orishima

After the US presidential election in 2016, the fairness of the press has become a worldwide problem as the word ‘fake news’ by President Trump has become a hot topic.

Even in Japan, unilateral criticism of the Abe administration of major media, public opinion manipulation by intentional editing, etc. are rampant.

Alright, when did such biased coverage come to be done?

Hyakuta

I am writing about Japanese history now.

The fact that I realize that I am studying again is that the Japanese ‘spirit remodeling’ by GHQ still has a lasting effect.

Sakurai

The occupation policy of GHQ was unprecedentedly harsh in world history.

Hyakuta

The mind of the Japanese was destroyed by ‘War Gilt Information program’ (masochistic thought) planting sense of atonement.

The American Education for Japan thought education took in the brainwashing know-how that the Chinese Communist Party gave to the prisoners of Japan and the Kuomintang at Yan’an and Nosaka Sanzo also cooperated with the occupation policy of GHQ.

Especially the press code was bad.

A total of 30 items ‘Japanese should not write’ to Japanese newspaper publishers and publishers, for example, criticism of the GHQ, the Allied Powers and the Tokyo Trial were strictly forbidden.

Moreover, criticism of Koreans was forbidden for some reason, too.

Sakurai

We should not say that the Constitution was made by the United States and we were also prohibited from promoting nationalism, so we could not look at Japan obediently.

Of course, we should not reveal the existence of the censorship system itself.

Hyakuta

Besides censorship, a burning book was also held.

They disposed thoroughly unfavorable publication for the Allied Powers at libraries and university museums.

Speaking of burning books, it is famous for history by Qin Shin Emperor and Nazis.

This is the worst cultural destruction, history destruction.

Sakurai

America has dyed hands the same way.

The United States, which says freedom of speech, thought and belief, applied full double standards to Japan.

Eto Jun was the one who pointed out that thing properly.

Hyakuta

Over 7 thousand books were forfeited, those who resist ‘Please leave it as an important document’ was harsh, being sentenced to imprisonment for ten years or less.

In Article 10 of the Potsdam Declaration, it is written that ‘The Government of Japan must promote democracy. Freedom of speech, religion and thought, and respect for fundamental human rights must be established.’

This is a violation of the obvious ‘Potsdam Declaration’ beyond mere double criteria.

Distorted learning

Sakurai

The expulsion of public officials was also terrible.

Because more than 200 thousand people who were assigned the important office, including the government office, were unable to work.

Hyakuta

Ichiro Hatoyama on the verge of being appointed prime minister was also expelled from the public office.

Even those who are not convenient for GHQ will be disposed of even by the Prime Minister candidate, much more ordinary people cannot speak much bad.

Especially, it was the educational circle that was terrible.

Sakurai

Excellent professors of Tokyo University and Kyoto University were also disposed of in large quantities.

Hyakuta

Prior to the war, anarchists and owner of revolutionary thought had been kicked out of the imperial university.

However, after the war, they returned to the teacher one after another finding favor with GHQ, and soon eventually dominated university education.

That idea has penetrated even higher and secondary education, and it reaches now.

Sakurai

There were cases where scholars who had a decent idea turned to change to be loved by GHQ.

A typical example is Toshiyoshi Miyazawa, a constitutional scholar.

Hyakuta

He was critical of the Constitution of Japan and the Constitution of Japan was said to be a ‘pressing constitution’ by GHQ.

However, witnessing the appearance of colleagues purged by GHQ, he changed his thought completely.

Sakurai

It has changed by a hundred and eighty degrees.

Hyakuta

The ‘August Revolutionary Theory’ was started to argue newly.

Briefly, acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration in August 1945 is a kind of revolution, at that time Japan changed from sovereignty of the Emperor to national sovereignty.

In other words, the idea that the Constitution of Japan is the right Constitution made possible by the revolution.

Sakurai

Mr. Miyazawa kept reigning at the top of the Tokyo University Constitutional Course since then.

Hyakuta

In a vertical society university, Miyazawa Constitution Studies will be handed over ‘Thankful words’ by assistant professors and assistant.

In fact, it seems that the University of Tokyo still teaches that the August Revolution theory is correct.

Judging from the fact that the August Revolution theory is also a common theory in the judicial examination, I cannot deny that the JFBA has become a strange organization.

‘Entry Elite’ who entered the University of Tokyo by entrance exam with only memorization let them study such outrageous theory.

Whether it is the Treasury Department or the Ministry of Education, the bureaucrats who are making noise news will surely come from the University of Tokyo law department.

Because they cannot think that things by themselves, ‘pretending to obey but secretly betraying’ and say it is only possible to pull the legs of politics.

Sakurai

A lot of bureaucrats who do not consider the national interest are seen also in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Hyakuta

Another person I would like to introduce is Yokota Kisaburo.

He is also an authority of the university of Tokyo Faculty of Law, but continues to say that the Constitution of Japan is not pressing, and during the occupation it is also issuing a book called ‘Emperor System’ that advocated abolition of the Emperor System.

However, in the later years, when appointed Chief Justice of Japan, he gathered the pupils and purchased his books at an old book store in Kanda for disposal.

‘Indeed, the abolition of the Emperor System was unfavorable’ he thought.

So, I cannot find his book quite easily.

Sakurai

It has done without thinking being ashamed of the horrible thing, too.

What distorted academics is nothing but a tragedy.

The apostasy of the Asahi Newspaper

Hyakuta

If you turn backwards, that is how tightening of GHQ was strict.

Losing your job in Japan, then the poorest country in the world, is literally involved in life and death.

Sakurai

For the people who were expelled, it was such a terrible situation that they were thrown away by the abyss of living or dead in the sense that families had to cultivate.

Hyakuta

Another thing I would like to say is that the civil service bureau of GHQ, who led the expulsion of public office, cannot have enough people to list over 200,000 Japanese.

So, who was it that helped with this?

Sakurai

It is Japanese.

In cooperation with GHQ, there was a Japanese who banished the Japanese.

Hyakuta

Socialists and communists used opportunities of purge of public office to eliminate political enemies.

Even within the company, there seems to be a lot of cases in which the boss and his co
lleague were kicked off and the career was promoted.

* Mr. Takayama Masayuki taught that many Chongryon officials got jobs including NHK, had taken advantage of the mess after the war,

The reason why they, or their descendants, still dominate NHK, TV Asahi, TBS etc. is probably due to chasing down as above *

This draft continues.

サバエブランド

サイドの2本のラインが独特な存在感をを与える「OkaOde」。

過去に伝説的な人気を残したモデルの復刻版です。