LESS THAN HUMAN 快適住まいを真心サポート
Uyghurs fear that Beijing wants nothing less than for them to disappear as a people.
Uyghurs struggled for decades to draw attention to the suffering of their people. Chinese authorities have long violated Uyghurs’ , , and rights, marginalizing them in their own homeland. Now they are being rounded up on an unprecedented scale, documented in a new Uyghur Human Rights Project (UHRP) report released yesterday, “.” The rapid escalation of repression since 2016 has shocked the world, and tenacious international media coverage has put the issue on the agenda. What remains is for policymakers to act.
indicates that over Uyghurs and members of other Muslim ethnic groups have been rounded up into what the government calls “transformation through education centers.” These ethnic internment hold more than 10 percent of the Uyghur population in indefinite detention. Another , according to estimates, are forced to attend day and evening “study sessions.” facilities are being built, including a massive in Karamay.
The evidence for these shocking revelations comes from Chinese government , government construction and hiring for the camps, , of , and accounts from former detainees who have managed to reach safety. Kazakh former detainees who have made it to Kazakhstan overcrowded conditions and physical abuse. Detainees are forced to repeat slogans praising Xi Jinping and the Communist Party, to denounce Islam, and to spend hours in Chinese language classes, with threats of further punishment if they do not succeed in speaking and reading it. In the face of this evidence, China was finally forced to respond to last week at the UN, but has only issued absurd .
The Chinese government has long seen the Uyghurs as a problem. Above all, Uyghurs have not given up their own language, religion, and culture, despite decades of harsh assimilationist policies. In 2016, the central government installed as Party secretary of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In his previous post in Tibet, Chen had gained a reputation for subduing ethnic discontent by imposing new and harsher methods of control and repression.
In Xinjiang, where Xi Jinping’s has launched massive investment in new links with Central Asia, Chen has gone much further. The official project of forced assimilation has reached a new extreme, and Uyghurs fear that Beijing wants nothing less than for them to .
The massive roundup of Uyghurs of all walks of life rests on the assumption that every Uyghur is potentially dangerous. Any expression of religious faith, any past travel outside of China, even having relatives abroad, can be used as an excuse to haul away men and women, teenagers and the elderly.
The Uyghur diaspora has become increasingly traumatized as they have lost contact with their relatives – not only parents and siblings, but even aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandchildren. In the past, many Uyghurs living abroad have tried to keep their heads down in order to protect their families. But with Xinjiang police everyone who has relatives abroad, keeping quiet doesn’t help, and Uyghurs in free countries are now speaking out.
The international community cannot continue business as usual. China’s repression of the Uyghurs is not only a serious human rights emergency, but a clear warning about how the Chinese state chooses to wield power. Locking up hundreds of thousands of people indefinitely in indoctrination camps, and then trying to cover it up, demonstrates that the Chinese government has no intention of moving toward basic rule of law. The complicity of Chinese companies like and in equipping the police state in Xinjiang should make foreign governments and companies recoil from doing business with them.
China democratic countries of using the Uyghurs to try to “destabilize” China and thwart its rise. According to the Chinese government, Western nations harbor “anti-China forces,” and their media is slandering China “out of ulterior motives.” If China’s leaders believe that Western countries are bent on destroying China, why do they do business with them? Can other countries, for their part, trust such a government?
If the evidence of the ethnic concentration camps were a fabrication, China could open the region for journalists and international organizations to visit the supposedly benign “re-education” camps. It could reveal the whereabouts of prominent Uyghurs who have disappeared, including , business leaders, and other , along with their , and allow them to leave the country if they wish.
But nobody expects the Chinese government to do this. On the contrary, experts on the region are concerned that current policies may be only one step in a continuing escalation of repression, and that much graver atrocities, even mass murder, . Now is the time to ensure that the Uyghurs’ suffering does not become even worse, and to put into practice what all people of conscience mean when they say “Never Again.”
Omer Kanat is the Director of the and a former journalist for Radio Free Asia.
LESS THAN HUMANでイイことプラス
The main variance you are going to detect is usually that the external body backpack is more rigid as opposed to interior, this enables you to pack your equipment devoid of stressing an excessive amount of regarding the excess weight as the exterior is incredibly excellent at spreading the load above your hips when going for walks. The exterior also offers you less difficult access to your tools as a result of the multitude of side pockets and inner compartments, as well as when putting on the exterior it by no means touches your again when mountaineering, this allows permanently airflow between the backpack as well as your physique which reduces sweating.
You can find a downside on the exterior body backpack and that is it is rigidity, this can certainly be a difficulty in case you are happening a hard mountaineering path which involves a lot of overall body motion. Crossing streams, or climbing mountains can be quite a huge trouble with this particular form of backpack, as being the body weight is allotted faraway from your system you must modify on your own so the backpack continues to be in equilibrium along with you.
For typical simple strolling hiking excursions then the external body backpack is a lot more than capable of transporting your gear, but for anything at all much more adventurous I’d glimpse at buying one among the many kinds of internal body backpacks obtainable.
Inside frame backpack: The key advantage using the inside backpack is usually that it fits snugly to the human body, this provides a way more secure emotion when hiking about tough terrain. Because they’re not rather as rigid since the external style the internal backpacks feature compression straps to keep your products safe while mountaineering, the key reason why climbers and hill walkers desire the internal frame backpacks could be the truth they find it less of a challenge to keep their stability in tricky situations.
You will find a handful of downsides with the inner body backpack, the very first is you should know ways to pack your devices properly in advance of taking place any mountaineering trip. You do this by putting the heaviest merchandise of apparatus so that they touch your back again when carrying, due to the fact this sort of backpack is usually a actually comfortable suit in your overall body packing your things this way will produce a a lot better balance on your set up.
LESS THAN HUMAN 新・総合生活産業
Crimes committed in the name of religion – the Inquisition
August 28, 2018, 9:28 pm
Dr. V.J.M. de Silva
“I believe the idea that Galileo’s trial was a kind of Greek tragedy, a showdown between blind faith and enlightened reason, to be naively erroneous.” Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers
On 6th June 2018, I wrote an article in the Island Midweek Review titled ‘Crimes committed in the name of Religion – some rethinking’. In it I wrote about the Crusades and its background. I also mentioned the other “blots on Christianity” viz. the Inquisition, colonial exploitation and anti-Semitism. In this article I deal with the Inquisition.
Reopening the Galileo case – The “Galileo affair” is perhaps the most commonly discussed case of conflict between science and religion. According to widespread popular belief, Galileo was a martyr of science who was tortured and imprisoned by the Roman Catholic Church. This of course is not factual. . For nearly 2000 years before Galileo, the accepted theory was the one propounded by Aristotle (384- 322 BC) – the geocentric (earth as the centre of the universe). This was later refined mathematically by Claudius Ptolemy (c AD 100-170) a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer.
However, in 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543), a Polish church official and accomplished astronomer, published a book, On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs – which he dedicated to Pope Paul III, (Pope:1534-49), in which he took the heliocentric system and defended it as a true description of the universe. He located the sun at the center of the universe, and the earth and its moon in motion around the sun. Because his book was highly technical, written for a small audience of mathematically proficient astronomers, it was little known and less read. Copernicus had no new evidence to justify his theory. He adopted it because it had greater explanatory power than Ptolemy’s. True heliocentrism wasn’t conclusively proved until some 200 years later – (James C. Ungureanu, Exploring the Relations between Science, Religion, and Culture, 1913).
URL https://jamescungureanu.wordpress.com/2013/04/30/myths-about-science-and-religion-that-galileo-was-tortured-and-impris..
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a firm believer in God and the Bible, and remained so all of his life. Once, a supporter of Ptolemy’s geocentric theory, he became convinced that Copernicus was right. At that time the prevailing view was that the Copernican theory, though useful for calculating the motions of heavenly bodies, was not persuasive enough to discard the geocentric theory altogether. Having developed a more powerful telescope than others of his day, he was able make observations which were consistent with the Copernican theory.
He took these observations to the Jesuit priests (Collegio Romano), who were among the leading astronomers of the day, and they agreed that the case for the heliocentric theory was strengthened. The Jesuits told Galileo that the Church was divided on this issue. They did not think that Galileo had clinched the case. Tycho Brahe (1546- 1601), Danish nobleman and leading astronomer of the day, also agreed and continued to support the geocentric theory.
When Galileo’s lectures on the heliocentric theory were reported to head of the Inquisition, the learned theologian Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, met Galileo – (not normal procedure, but Galileo was a celebrity). It was Galileo who said, “The Bible tells you how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go.” Indeed, Biblical language which in some places is equivocal, should not be mistaken for statements on cosmology. Regarding the cosmos, it is a myth that Christians at one time believed in a ‘flat earth’. The Bible says no such thing. When in Psalm 19:6, the Bible talks of the sun ‘rising’, it is only giving a description as it appears to the observer, rather than implying commitment to a particular solar and planetary theory. Even today, we speak of “sunrise” and “sunset” – (Jeffrey Burton Russell, “The myth of the Flat Earth”) –
URL http://www.veritas-ucsb.org/library/russell/FlatEarth.html
In the beginning Galileo had the support of religious intellectuals, the astronomers of the Jesuit institution, the Collegio Romano. He was opposed mainly by secular philosophers, who were very angry at his criticism of Aristotle. In his famous Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615), he says the academic professors were opposed to him and they were trying to influence the church authorities to speak against him. Aristotelian philosophy, with its acceptance of the geocentric theory, was the then reigning paradigm (worldview). The general trend among scientists is to oppose anything against the reigning paradigm; criticizing it is indeed risky – (just as today Darwin’s Theory is defended against the more recent Intelligent Design concept).
Cardinal Bellarmine’s Directive – What Bellarmine observed was that there could be no real conflict between nature and scripture. If natural evidence shows that we were wrong, then we need to revise our interpretation of scripture and acknowledge our mistake. As he said, “But this is not a thing to be done in haste, and as for myself, I shall not believe that there are such proofs until they are shown to me . . . . . But first let us make sure that there is in fact conclusive proof before we start changing scriptural interpretation.”– (James Broderick, Robert Bellarmine: Saint and Scholar, 1961).
At this stage some reflection on Cardinal Bellarmine’s directive is pertinent. He says if the heliocentric theory could be truly demonstrated, it would be better to say that we do not understand scripture than to say that what has been demonstrated is false. So, the Cardinal was willing to say that we might have misinterpreted scripture and acknowledge our mistake, in order to uphold science. Some of Galileo’s beliefs were of course wrong. He held that the entire universe revolved around the sun in circular (not elliptical) orbits, and that tides were caused by the rotation of the earth.
In 1616, Cardinal Bellarmine, on directives from the Inquisition, proposed a solution. Given the inconclusive evidence, and the sensitivity of the religious issues involved, Galileo should not teach or promote heliocentrism. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothetically. Galileo, a practicing Catholic, agreed.
Galileo’s mistakes – For several years Galileo kept his word and did not advocate the heliocentric theory in public. In 1623 Cardinal Maffeo Barberini became Pope Urban VIII. He was a scientific “progressive”, and a fan of Galileo, who now thought he could openly advocate heliocentrism. In 1632 Galileo published his book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which caricatured two figures, himself and a representative of the pope. To dramatize the contrast, Galileo gave the pope character the name Simplicio, which in Italian means “simpleton”. The dialogue consists of foolish claims by Simplicio, elegantly refuted by the character speaking for Galileo. The pope of course was not amused! In addition he advanced his own theories on theological matters. This displeased the Church. Further, in a debate on the topic of comets with a Jesuit mathematics professor, Orazio Grassi, who had written on the subject, Galileo attacked his opponent on a personal level, loosing even friends in the Collagio Romano. Galileo was arrogant and impetuous by nature and made enemies easily.
This was also the age of the Reformation, and the Thirty Year War (1618 -1648), when Catholics were fighting against Protestants in Germany. However, as the Thirty Years’ War evolved, it became less about religion and more about which
group would ultimately govern Europe. Millions died in this war. Pope Urban was eager to show the Vatican’s fidelity to scripture, which was under attack for not taking the Bible seriously. The geocentric theory appeared to be in harmony with scripture. The Inquisition summoned Galileo again, and being found guilty of supporting the heliocentric theory, was asked to recant, which he did. He was not charged with heresy, never placed in a dungeon or tortured. He was under “house arrest” and lived in the villas of friends and died peacefully in his bed. He was at liberty to continue with other researches, which he did.
The Inquisition – This began in 1163, when Pope Alexander instructed the bishops to discover evidence of heresy and take action. Heresies started creeping into the Church from the time of the Church Fathers. Those like Justin Martyr – (AD 100-165) and Tertullian (ca. AD 150-225) have mentioned these in their writings. In the 12th century, the papacy was concerned about the heresy in southern France among the Albigenses. Traditional means of persuasion like sending missionaries did not work. The second wave of the inquisition was in 1472 when Ferdinand and Isabella started the Spanish Inquisition, and the third and final in 1542 when Pope Paul III wanted to hunt down Calvinists. So, in the past we have the sad spectacle of Catholics who call themselves Christians, having persecuted Protestants who call themselves Christians. It is indeed laudable that Pope John Paul II apologized on behalf of the church for the wrongs done to Galileo and other crimes committed by the church in the past. He said in his statement “that the church is holy, but is stained by the sins of its children”.
Conclusion – The Inquisition is a tragedy that Christians cannot run away from. In those times, religion and politics were bound up together. However, every one of the combatants, whether church official or disciple of Galileo, called himself a Christian; and all, without exception, acknowledged the authority of Scripture. Although the topic I have dealt with is one concerning Catholics, I must say I am not a Catholic (being an Anglican). My purpose in writing this article is to correct some misinformation regarding the “Galileo affair” repeatedly mentioned by some writers.
These events took place in Europe. Today, the typical Christian is no longer European. He lives in a developing country, speaks a non-European language and is often under threat of persecution. Talking of persecution, millions of Christians themselves have been victims of brutal persecution through the ages, continuing to the present day in some places. There have been more Christian martyrs in the 20th century than in any other time. To this very day Christians are being killed for their faith around the world. So, the Inquisition is by far an exception in church history, not the norm.
(Most of the facts in this article have been taken from Dinesh D’Souza, What’s so great about Christianity, 2008)
ゼロ除算の発見は日本です：
∞？？？
∞は定まった数ではない・
人工知能はゼロ除算ができるでしょうか：
とても興味深く読みました：2014年2月2日 4周年を超えました：
ゼロ除算の発見と重要性を指摘した：日本、再生核研究所
ゼロ除算関係論文・本
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\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 448:\\ Division by Zero;\\
Funny History and New World}
\author{再生核研究所}
\date{2018.08.20}
\maketitle
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{\bf Abstract: } Our division by zero research group wonder why our elementary results may still not be accepted by some wide world and very recently in our Announcements: 434 (2018.7.28),
437 (2018.7.30),
438(2018.8.6), \\
441(2018.8.9),
442(2018.8.10),
443(2018.8.11),
444(2018.8.14),
in Japanese, we stated their reasons and the importance of our elementary results. Here, we would like to state their essences. As some essential reasons, we found fundamental misunderstandings on the division by zero and so we would like to state the essences and the importance of our new results to human beings over mathematics.
We hope that:
close the mysterious and long history of division by zero that may be considered as a symbol of the stupidity of the human race and open the new world since Aristotle-Eulcid.
From the funny history of the division by zero, we will be able to realize that
human beings are full of prejudice and prejudice, and are narrow-minded, essentially.
\medskip
\section{Division by zero}
The division by zero with mysterious and long history was indeed trivial and clear as in the followings:
\medskip
By the concept of the Moore-Penrose generalized solution of the fundamental equation $az=b$, the division by zero was trivial and clear as $b/0=0$ in the {\bf generalized fraction} that is defined by the generalized solution of the equation $az=b$.
Note, in particular, that there exists a uniquely determined solution for any case of the equation $az=b$ containing the case $a=0$.
People, of course, consider as the division $b/a$ that it is the solution of the equation $ az =b$ and if $a=0$ then $0 \cdot z =0$ and so, for $b\ne0$ we can not consider the fraction $a/b$. We have been considered that the division by zero $b/0$ is impossible for mysteriously long years, since the document of zero in India in AD 628. In particular, note that Brahmagupta (598 -668 ?) established four arithmetic operations by introducing $0$ and at the same time he defined as $0/0=0$ in Brhmasphuasiddhnta. Our world history, however, stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we will see that his definition is right and suitable. However, he did not give its reason and did not consider the importance case $1/0$ and the general fractions $b/0$. The division by zero was a symbol for {\bf impossibility} or to consider the division by zero was {\bf not permitted}. For this simple and clear conclusion, we did not definitely consider more on the division by zero. However, we see many and many formulas appearing the zero in denominators, one simple and typical example is in the function $w=1/z$ for $z=0$.
We did not consider the function at the origin $z=0$.
In this case, however, the serious interest happens in many physical problems and also in computer sciences, as we know.
When we can not find the solution of the fundamental equation $az=b$, it is fairly clear to consider the Moore-Penrose generalized solution in mathematics. Its basic idea and beautiful mathematics will be definite.
Therefore, we should consider the generalized fractions following the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse. Therefore, with its meaning and definition we should consider that $b/0=0$.
It will be very curious that we
know very well the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse as a very fundamental and important concept, however, we did not consider the simplest case $ az =b$.
Its reason may be considered as follows: We will consider or imagine that the fraction $1/0$ may be like infinity or ideal one.
For the fundamental function $W =1/ z $ we did not consider any value at the origin $z = 0$. Many and many people consider its value by the limiting like $+\infty $ and $- \infty$ or the
point at infinity as $\infty$. However, their basic idea comes from {\bf continuity} with the common sense or
based on the basic idea of Aristotle. —
For the related Greece philosophy, see \cite{a,b,c}. However, as the division by zero we have to consider its value of
the function $W =1 /z$ as zero at $z = 0$. We will see that this new definition is valid widely in
mathematics and mathematical sciences, see (\cite{mos,osm}) for example. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to calculus, Euclidian geometry, analytic geometry, complex analysis and the theory of differential equations in an undergraduate level and furthermore to our basic ideas for the space and universe.
For the extended complex plane, we consider its stereographic projection mapping as the Riemann sphere and the point at infinity is realized as the north pole in the Alexsandroff’s one point compactification.
The Riemann sphere model gives a beautiful and complete realization of the extended complex plane through the stereographic projection mapping and the mapping has beautiful properties like isogonal (equiangular) and circle to circle correspondence (circle transformation). Therefore, the Riemann sphere is a very classical concept \cite{ahlfors}.
\medskip
Now, with the division by zero we have to admit the strong discontinuity at the point at infinity. To accept this strong discontinuity seems to be very difficult, and therefore we showed many and many examples for giving the evidences over $800$ items.
\medskip
We back to our general fractions $1/0=0/0=z/0=0$ for its importances.
\medskip
H. Michiwaki and his 6 years old daughter Eko Michiwaki stated that in about three weeks after the discovery of the division by zero that
division by zero is trivial and clear from the concept of repeated subtraction and they showed the detailed interpretation of the general fractions. Their method is a basic one and it will give a good introduction of division and their calculation method of divisions.
We can say that division by zero, say $100/0$ means that we do not divide $100$ and so the number of the divided ones is zero.
\medskip
Furthermore,
recall the uniqueness theorem by S. Takahasi on the division by zero:
\medskip
{\bf Proposition 1.1 }{\it Let F be a function from ${\bf C }\times {\bf C }$ to ${\bf C }$ satisfying
$$
F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad)
$$
for all
$$
a, b, c, d \in {\bf C }
$$
and
$$
F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a }, \quad a, b \in {\bf C }, a \ne 0.
$$
Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C } $
$$
F (b, 0) = 0.
$$
}
Note that the complete proof of this proposition is simply given by 2 or 3 lines.
In the long mysterious history of the division by zero, this proposition seems to be decisive.
Indeed, Takahasi’s assumption for the product property should be accepted for any generalization of fraction (division). Without the product property, we will not be able to consider any reasonable fraction (division).
Following Proposition 1.1, we should {\bf define}
$$
F (b, 0) = \frac{b}{0} =0,
$$
and consider, for any complex number $b$, as $0$;
that is, for the mapping
\begin{equation}
W = f(z) = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $W=0$ ({\bf should be defined from the form}).
\medskip
Furthermore,
the simple field structure containing division by zero was established by M. Yamada.
\medskip
In addition, for the fundamental function $f(z) = 1/z$, note that
the function is odd function
$$
f(z) = – f(-z)
$$
and if the function may be extended as an odd function at the origin $z=0$, then the identity $f(0) = 1/0 =0$ has to be satisfied. Further, if the equation
$$
\frac{1}{z} =0
$$
has a solution, then the solution has to be $z=0$.
\medskip
\section{Division by zero calculus}
As the number system containing the division by zero, the Yamada field structure is complete.
However, for applications of the division by zero to {\bf functions}, we need the concept of the division by zero calculus for the sake of uniquely determinations of the results and for other reasons.
For example, for the typical linear mapping
\begin{equation}
W = \frac{z – i}{z + i},
\end{equation}
it gives a conformal mapping on $\{{\bf C} \setminus \{-i\}\}$ onto $\{{\bf C} \setminus \{1\}\}$ in one to one and from \begin{equation}
W = 1 + \frac{-2i}{ z – (-i)},
\end{equation}
we see that $-i$ corresponds to $1$ and so the function maps the whole $\{{\bf C} \}$ onto $\{{\bf C} \}$ in one to one.
Meanwhile, note that for
\begin{equation}
W = (z – i) \cdot \frac{1}{z + i},
\end{equation}
if we enter $z= -i$ in the way
\begin{equation}
[(z – i)]_{z =-i} \cdot \left[ \frac{1}{z + i}\right]_{z =-i} = (-2i) \cdot 0= 0,
\end{equation}
we have another value.
\medskip
In many cases, the above two results will have practical meanings and so, we will need to consider many ways for the application of the division by zero and we will need to check the results obtained, in some practical viewpoints. We referred to this delicate problem with many examples.
Therefore, we will introduce the division by zero calculus that give important values for functions. For any Laurent expansion around $z=a$,
\begin{equation}
f(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1} C_n (z – a)^n + C_0 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} C_n (z – a)^n,
\end{equation}
we obtain the identity, by the division by zero
\begin{equation}
f(a) = C_0.
\end{equation}
Note that here, there is no problem on any convergence of the expansion (2.5) at the point $z = a$, because all the terms $(z – a)^n$ are zero at $z=a$ for $n \ne 0$.
\medskip
For the correspondence (2.6) for the function $f(z)$, we will call it {\bf the division by zero calculus}. By considering the formal derivatives in (2.5), we {\bf can define any order derivatives of the function} $f$ at the singular point $a$; that is,
$$
f^{(n)}(a) = n! C_n.
$$
\medskip
{\bf Apart from the motivation, we define the division by zero calculus by (2.6).}
With this assumption, we can obtain many new results and new ideas. However, for this assumption we have to check the results obtained whether they are reasonable or not. By this idea, we can avoid any logical problems. — In this point, the division by zero calculus may be considered as an axiom.
\medskip
This paragraph is very important. Our division by zero is just definition and the division by zero is an assumption. Only with the assumpti
on and definition of the division by zero calculus, we can create and enjoy our new mathematics. Therefore, the division by zero calculus may be considered as a new axiom.
Of course, its strong motivations were given. We did not consider any value {\bf at the singular point} $a$ for the Laurent expansion (2.5). Therefore, our division by zero is a new mathematics entirely and isolated singular points are a new world for our mathematics.
We had been considered properties of analytic functions {\bf around their isolated singular points.}
The typical example of the division zero calculus is $\tan (\pi/2) = 0$ and the result gives great impacts to analysis and geometry.
See the references for the materials.
\medskip
For an identity, when we multiply zero, we obtain the zero identity that is a trivial.
We will consider the division by zero to an equation.
For example, for the simple example for the line equation on the $x, y$ plane
$$
ax + by + c=0
$$
we have, formally
$$
x + \frac{by + c}{a} =0,
$$
and so, by the division by zero, we have, for $a=0$, the reasonable result
$$
x = 0.
$$
However, from
$$
\frac{ax + by}{c} + 1 =0,
$$
for $c=0$, we have the contradiction, by the division by zero
$$
1 =0.
$$
For this case, we can consider that
$$
\frac{ax + by}{c} + \frac{c}{c} =0,
$$
that is always valid. {\bf In this sense, we can divide an equation by zero.}
\section{Conclusion}
Apparently, the common sense on the division by zero with a long and mysterious history is wrong and our basic idea on the space around the point at infinity is also wrong since Euclid. On the gradient or on derivatives we have a great missing since $\tan (\pi/2) = 0$. Our mathematics is also wrong in elementary mathematics on the division by zero.
We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics with our division by zero in our undergraduate level.
We have to change our basic ideas for our space and world.
We have to change globally our textbooks and scientific books on the division by zero.
From the mysterious history of the division by zero, we will be able to study what are human beings and about our narrow-minded.
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
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\bibitem{ass}
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\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{ms16}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
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\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
\bibitem{mms18}
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 293-305.
\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1–8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 1-16.
\bibitem{osm}
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), {\bf 1}(2017), 70-77.
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H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).
\bibitem{o}
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International Journal of Geometry.
\bibitem{os18april}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Harmonic Mean and Division by Zero,
Dedicated to Professor Josip Pe$\check{c}$ari$\acute{c}$ on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18} (2018), 155—159.
\bibitem{os18}
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Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18}(2018), 97-100.
\bibitem{os18e}
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Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL AND MODERN GEOMETRIES” (GJARCMG)(in press).
\bibitem{ps18}
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Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 399-418.
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\end{document}
再生核研究所声明 427(2018.5.8): 神の数式、神の意志 そしてゼロ除算
ドキュメンタリー 2017: 神の数式 第２回 宇宙はなぜ生まれたのか
〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第3回 宇宙はなぜ始まったのか
&t=3318s
〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第1回 この世は何からできているのか
NHKスペシャル 神の数式 完全版 第4回 異次元宇宙は存在するか
NHKスペシ
ャル 神の数式番組を繰り返し拝見して感銘を受けている。素晴らしい映像ばかりではなく、内容の的確さ、正確さに、ただただ驚嘆している。素晴らしい。
ある物理学の本質的な流れを理解し易く表現していて、物理学の着実な発展が良く分かる。
原爆を作ったり、素粒子を追求していたり、宇宙の生成を研究したり、物理学者はまるで、現代の神官のように感じられる。素粒子の世界と宇宙を記述するアインシュタインの方程式を融合させるなど、正に神の数式と呼ぶにふさわしいものと考えられる。流れを拝見すると物理学は適切な方向で着実に進化していると感じられる。神の数式に近づいているのに 野蛮なことを繰り返している国際政治社会には残念な気持ちが湧いて来る。ロシアの天才物理学者の終末などあまりにも酷いのではないだろうか。世界史の進化を願わざるを得ない。
アインシュタインの相対性理論は世界観の変更をもたらしたが、それに比べられるオイラーの公式は数学全般に大きな変革をもたらした：
With this estimation, we stated that the Euler formula
$$
e^{\pi i} = -1
$$
is the best result in mathematics in details in： No.81, May 2012 (pdf 432kb)
余りにも神秘的な数式のために、アインシュタインの公式 E= mc^2 と並べて考えられる 神の意志 が感じられるだろう。 ところで、素粒子を記述する方程式とアインシュタインの方程式を融合したら、 至る所に1/0 が現れて 至る所無限大が現れて計算できないと繰り返して述べられている。しかしながら、数学は既に進化して、1/0=0 で無限大は 実はゼロだった。 驚嘆すべき世界が現れた。しかしながら、数学でも依然として、rがゼロに近づくと 無限大に発散する事実が有るので、弦の理論は否定できず、問題が存在する。さらに、形式的に発散している場合でも、ゼロ除算算法で、有限値を与え、特異点でも微分方程式を満たすという新しい概念が現れ、局面が拓かれたので、数学者ばかりではなく、物理学者の注意を喚起して置きたい。
物理学者は、素粒子の世界と巨大宇宙空間の方程式を融合させて神の方程式を目指して研究を進めている。数学者はユークリッド以来現れたゼロ除算1/0と空間の新しい構造の中から、神の意志を追求して 新しい世界の究明に乗り出して欲しいと願っている。いみじくもゼロ除算は、ゼロと無限大の関係を述べていて、素粒子と宇宙論の類似を思わせる。
人の生きるは、真智への愛にある、すなわち、事実を知りたい、本当のことを知りたい、高級に言えば 神の意志 を知りたいということである。 そこで、我々のゼロ除算についての考えは真実か否か、広く内外の関係者に意見を求めている。関係情報はどんどん公開している。 ゼロ除算の研究状況は、
数学基礎学力研究会 サイトで解説が続けられている：
また、o に 関連情報がある。
以 上
ゼロ除算の論文が２編、出版になりました：
ICDDEA: International Conference on Differential & Difference Equations and Applications
Differential and Difference Equations with Applications
ICDDEA, Amadora, Portugal, June 2017
• Editors
• (view affiliations)
• Sandra Pinelas
• Tomás Caraballo
• Peter Kloeden
• John R. Graef
Conference proceedingsICDDEA 2017
log0=log∞=0log0=log∞=0 and Applications
Hiroshi Michiwaki, Tsutomu Matuura, Saburou Saitoh
Pages 293-305
Division by Zero Calculus and Differential Equations
Sandra Pinelas, Saburou Saitoh
Pages 399-418
とても興味深くみました： ゼロ除算（division by zero）1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0 2018年05月28日(月) テーマ：数学 これは最も簡単な 典型的なゼロ除算の結果と言えます。 ユークリッド以来の驚嘆する、誰にも分る結果では ないでしょうか？ Hiroshi O. Is It Really Impossible To Divide By Zero?. Biostat Biometrics Open Acc J. 2018; 7(1): 555703. DOI: 10.19080/BBOJ.2018.07.555703 ゼロで分裂するのは本当に不可能ですか？ – Juniper Publishers ↓↓↓ ゼロ除算の発見と重要性を指摘した：日本、再生核研究所 2014年2月2日
LESS THAN HUMAN ライオンはアフリカでは恋ができない。
For the previous half century, national law has prohibited companies from discriminating against individuals based on their age. But as the early 1990s, company attorneys and conservative allies have sought to psychologist what counts as discrimination, which makes it substantially more difficult to prove age prejudice.
Now, a situation may be headed to the Supreme Court might lessen the last reach further.
When he implemented in following decades, he had no better chance.
Of the approximately 1,000 sales supervisors the tobacco firm hired between 2007 and 2010, when Villarreal had been employing, less than a dent were over age 40.
The importance of the instance is two-fold. It highlights the challenges for job seekers since hiring has moved on the internet, where’s simpler for organizations to reject entire courses of candidates and tougher for individuals to keep an eye on the bids for the job. And it exemplifies the age of protections are narrowed.
Reynolds has advanced two theories to assert the 50-year-old in Employment Act should use to Villarreal: the Georgia salesman did diligently chase why he obtained no answer to his program, though there was little to spur this kind of pursuit prior to the whistleblower surfaced; and a close reading of this legislation implies that in cases of indirect prejudice it doest shield job applicants such as Villarreal, just workers.
The tobacco companies arguments were approved from the U.S. District Court in Atlanta, which chucked out Villarreal litigation, and also last fall by the vast majority of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, which held that the district court judge. If Reynolds prevails, companies will have strong new strategies to protect themselves from rates of age prejudice.
Whether this scenario stands, it is going to make it tougher for people in their own work lives to establish that they faced discrimination. It’ll mean less security for older employees under the key national law intended to protect against age prejudice stated Sandra Sperino, an employment discrimination law and specialist professor at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio.
And because of their first 25 decades, courts largely dominated the terms of one employed to another.
Nevertheless, it always was more difficult to establish discrimination according to age, as part as the ADEs authors understood that in some cases, is reasonable to take age into consideration in manners that would be taken for the race, sex or other types.
Is also tough to understand how much age variables into employment choices. While studies have shown companies take part in age discrimination, little is understood concerning its pervasiveness or mechanics, particularly in hiring, which typically is a personal issue with few national or state laws regulating employer behavior.
Function by Teresa Ghilarducci and coworkers in The New School for Social Research indicates that 2.7 million people, or 10% of those 27 million Americans ages 55 through 64 and in the labor force, are jobless, partly employed or in a netherworld between retirement and employment. A study from Urban Institute economist Richard Johnson and others, that followed employees who were at their first to mi50s in the start of the 1990s, found that nearly 8 million, or 25 percent, were laid off at least once from the mid-2000s. Many ended up working in lesser occupations or being from work for extended periods.
Critics say that the research probably understates the effects of bias. Discrimination has ripple effects and could become self-reinforcing? Said Ghilarducci, manager of the Retirement Equity Lab at The New School. People who believe there likely to be reversed from a work frequently beat the discriminator to the punch by not implementing or leaving the labor force entirely
The Villarreal situation is the hottest in a series of lawsuits within the previous 2 1/2 decades?
Even the Supreme Court and lower courts have ruled that companies have broad latitude to mention exactly what the ADEA calls reasonable aspects aside from ag entities like pay levels or medical prices to warrant treating older employees otherwise without paying a legal cost.
In 2009, the Supreme Court determined that a 54-year-old monetary supervisor who claimed to have been wrongly demoted needed to demonstrate that era was a motivating factor from the employee’s conclusion the standard for different kinds of discrimination but basically the sole element. This pub that plaintiff attorneys and lots of legal scholars say is almost impossible to clean.
Apart from the Villarreal instance, the matter of whether the ADEA covers project applicants is being contested in two other suits, with mixed results up to now.
Back in Chicago, a federal district judge ruled that a 59-year-old jobless lawyer who had been rejected for senior course standing at a medical device maker could sue since the law does employ to applicants.
Last month, the judge ruled against the business, citing a previous event which reasoned, The ADEA is curative and humanitarian legislation and needs to be interpreted liberally The company has yet to submit an appeal.
The choices, they say, only aim to lock a differentiation that diplomatic authors of their nations anti-discrimination laws consistently supposed that while is vital for legislation to government hiring and application in regards to race and sex to avoid perpetuating past discrimination is unnecessary in the case of era because there’s no long-running poor behavior that requires undoing.
doesn’t consign people to a life of drawback the U.S. Chamber of Commerce wrote in a short supporting Reynolds.
Villarreal had small reason to believe age could be a problem when he applied for the Reynolds job.
According to court documents, he guessed his eight years in earnings might make him a prime candidate to get the Reynolds place, which had been explained on the website CareerBuilder.com as between a lot of traveling to work with retailers and one-to-one interaction with customers.
What Villarreal couldn’t observe on CareerBuilder or about the Reynolds corporate website to which he had been changed to use has been exactly what was going on beyond his display. And there’s hardly any possibility he could have heard about it had it not been for a whistleblower, who contacted a labor law firm throughout the nation nearly 3 years following Villarreal first implemented.
The whistleblower’s title doesn’t appear in any administrative or court records. At the beginning of the circumstance, Reynolds denied allegations which were predicated on the whistleblower material. However, it decided not to construct its defense on assaulting the whistleblower. Rather, the business has trained all of its legal firepowers on hard Villarreal directly to sue so as to have the case dismissed.
What the whistleblower’s substance shows is that in recent years Villarreal was implementing, two Reynolds subcontractors in series Kelly Services Inc. and Pinstripe Inc. sorted occupation applications in line with this tobacco company resume review guidelines a lot of which appeared to have little to do with travel salesmanship, but a whole lot to do with age.
1 variant of this Reynolds guidelines stated, below the heading of What to Search For On A Resume a job candidate Ought to Be a recent school grad who had been involved in many activities (sports, fraternities
/sororities, nightclubs etc..) Beneath a separate targeted Candidate heading, ” it included: 2-3 years from school
Meanwhile, below the heading Stay Off, Fro were applicants in earnings for 8-10 Decades
Beneath the target heading, it said candidates ages 35 and under understand Away From it said candidates 35 and above In a court document filed first in the scenario, Reynolds denied it instructed its offender sorters to steer clear of anyone due to age.
The guidelines had a large impact, based on data offered by the whistleblower and contained in court documents.
Kelly known about 1,400, or 15 percent, of them to Reynolds for additional consideration. Back in 2009 and 2010, when Pinstripe had the occupation, nearly half the candidates were seasoned applicants; it knew less than 8% of these.
Federal Court May Decide If Companies Could Reject Older Job Seekers into protecting
A significant bias case from the Texas Roadhouse series stems from a competitive government plan which might not endure the Trump government. Read the narrative.
Is difficult to envision exactly what stronger proof of somebody might need besides a business directive to use standards that downsides elderly folks in hiring to get a project at which era does seem to be applicable, and the amounts that reveal the following hiring has been skewed against older employees James Feinberg, a partner with the San Francisco law firm of Altshuler Berzon that obtained the whistleblowers substance and symbolizes Villarreal, stated in a meeting.
The very first things that Reynolds desired and what it obtained in the Atlanta federal district and circuit courts were rulings said that, regardless of what the evidence about business hiring practices, Villarreal had not diligently chased why he never got an answer to his program by calling to inquire or taking another action, therefore he could sue and also the evidence was insignificant.
The legal requirement that individuals who sue should diligently pursue their faith in the instance of the ADEA, they usually have to file a charge within 180 days of when they think they’ve been discriminated against is intended to safeguard against frivolous lawsuits and restrict employer legal vulnerability.
However, because discrimination will be concealed, courts usually offer flexibility.
The rationale such exceptions for this rule of thumb are required, as stated by the court: Crucial preferences and more subtle methods of prohibited discrimination, due to their very nature, are not likely to be easily apparent to the person discriminated against so can have a very long time to come to light.
This type of legal flexibility was put to the test in the last several years since the U.S. hiring marketplace has migrated out of paper classified advertising sections and business human-resources offices on the world wide web. As envisioned by net pioneers like Robert McGovern, who set CareerBuilder from the mid-1990s, the new online system would create liquidity at the work market by quickly fitting the skills of applicants together with the requirements of recruiters and might enhance fairness by directing focus on individual achievements as opposed to their race, sex, age or other characteristics.
However, as McGovern confessed in a recent interview, one of the drawbacks of my online occupations creation is that the Unbelievable growth in applicant volume
That quantity prompted many organizations to employ subcontractors or use computer algorithms to deal with software. Because of this, many candidates were abandoned in the dark. A 2013 CareerBuilder poll of 4,000 employees discovered that 75 percent heard back from companies. A 2015 poll of almost 2,000 hiring executives discovered that many react to less than half of applicants.
Present job application and hiring procedures are becoming more and more anonymous and opaque, which makes it increasingly reluctant to expect job applicants to research employer motives for rejecting them Daniel B. Kohrman and coworkers together with the AARP Foundation, part of their senior’s advocacy group, composed in a supportive brief from the Villarreal case.
Since Villarreal attorneys ready to sue Reynolds for offenses, they thought these modifications in the work marketplace clarified why their customer had known about his program and didn’t take any lawful action until he heard about the whistleblower at 2010. They believed their situation fulfilled the Atlanta circuit course criteria for if it would grant versatility in the diligence requirement.
But U.S. District Judge Richard W. Story and after six of 11 members of the complete circuit court ruled that Villarreal had been owed no flexibility since he failed the diligence evaluation.
The circuit court judgment, written by Judge William Pryor, stated Georgia salesman did nothing for two or more years between his first application and being advised about the whistleblower. We don’t have any difficulty concluding, as a matter of law, a plaintiff that does nothing for 2 years isn’t diligent Pryor composed.
The bulk now informs us Martin composed, that covert discrimination wot be penalized unless the victim attempted to expose the discrimination himself, even though he had no reason to suspect anybody was discriminating against him
When the 11th Circuit majority had left things at this time, Villarreal lawsuit probably would have drawn little attention. However, the court required a large further step when it adopted the company arguments which, in this kind of situation, the law does also apply to project applicants.
The debate over the reach of the law is suspended in the gap between overt, intentional discrimination, for example, rejecting someone for a job or a marketing specifically due to their age and also a pattern of biased results, whatever the intention.
Blatant discrimination was prevalent in the time of this last passage. A 1965 report from then-Labor Secretary Willard Wirt, who played a vital role in drafting the legislation, found that more than half of companies establish explicit age limitations. Half of all job openings in a specific year were shut to applicants within 55. A quarter of these was shut to people over 45.
But from the beginning, the writers of this ADEA recognized that there were other sorts of discrimination besides deliberate acts of bias. Thus lawmakers added a provision for such indirect prejudice, outlawing company policies and practices that’d a disparate impact on elderly individuals.
To be certain, lawmakers contained some exceptions which allowed companies to deal with elderly employee lives otherwise than others. However, is striking how doubtful the ADEA writers were of the most apparent justification for different treatment, bodily illness.
So much as the supposedly key Problem of physical ability is worried Wirtz wrote in an influential report on Congress, a comprehensive overview of medical and Mental evidence shows no support for its broad age lines That Have been drawn on the basis of asserted bodily requirement
Villarreal attorneys were convinced that their situation fit the era las definition of disparate effect, what with Reynolds resume inspection guidelines along with the amounts showing their negative impact on elderly people.
They were prepared for the tobacco business to challenge their evidence of disparate effect. Rather, Reynolds created a more sweeping debate; i
t claimed that the disparate effect provision does use to project applicants like Villarreal whatsoever.
Disband, that declined to comment for this story, contended, among other matters, that if the supply had been read widely it might prohibit hiring programs such as internships and entry places Targeted at young folks and impose massive litigation costs on companies
Though is incontrovertible that the ADEs language on disparate effect makes no reference of job applicants, lawmakers debating the step prior to its passing spoke publicly and frequently about the need to increase elderly Americans from the workforce. In simple provisions, this bill prohibits discrimination in hiring and firing stated Ralph Yarborough, a U.S. senator from Texas who had been the measure’s main sponsor.
Given that, is hard to comprehend drawing a line between applicants and employees, based on Michael Selma, a law professor at George Washington University. What sense does it make to get a law designed to guarantee a reasonably age-diverse workforce should you state that its terms scatter reach the people today who constitute that workforce elderly employees applying for jobs he requested.
The judgment seems to be at odds with a longstanding Supreme Court doctrine that, when lawful speech is unclear, courts must defer to the national agency responsible for administering the law. While the Atlanta courtroom was deeply divided into the language in this circumstance, the administering agency, the EEOC, has always said that everyone the provisions of ADEA apply to both employees and applicants.
By way of instance, Casey, the Pennsylvania senator, lately co-sponsored a bipartisan bill that intends to reestablish the concurrent in legal criteria for proving discrimination in the example of age with people for race, sex and other types of discrimination.
However, until the courts or Congress explain the last reach, thousands and thousands of elderly employees based on Villarreal request the Supreme Court to hear his case will confront the brand new online hiring marketplace with growing doubts regarding their defense against prejudice.
LESS THAN HUMAN激安通販
英検1級栗坂式二刀流攻略法 CAN-DO SPIRIT COACH
■『一次英作出題予想的中率71％実績プロの一次英作【出題予想大】30トピック』
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★英検1級合格者の声
「栗坂さんの型にはまった指導方法は特に一次読解とリスニングで私
のあと少しの点数の引き上げに必ず必要だったと心から感じています。
これがなければ一次試験では必ず落ちていましたし、二次試験も話題が頭に浮かばず、
頭が真っ白になっていた可能性はあります。
また栗坂さんが英検テスト内容も含め、水面下で英検協会と契約して大学受験
単科英語のスピーチ試験官まで担当され、英検協会の考え方などを徹底的に
知り尽くしているなと実際の英検一級試験を受験して何度も感じました。
『敵を知らずんば合格はあらず！』と常日頃からおっしゃっている栗坂さんは
英検1級模擬問題だけで17000種類以上毎日作成している英検1級対策プロだけあって、
言葉に凄みを感じ取れます。
結果ですが、一次試験の素点合計が74点(CSE計2028)で読解が31点(CSE691)、
リスニングが23点(CSE712)、英作は栗坂式ひながたを使わなかったので
20点(CSE625)とひやひやものでした。二次試験はスピーチ6点とインタラクション7点と、
グラマー8点とプルナンシエイション7点の計28点（CSE616）でした。
また物覚えがあまり良くない私に二次試験日まで粘り強くご指導いただき
ありがとうございました。スカイプ個人指導レッスンを受けている最中に
あまりこういった内容のお話しをすることがなかったのですが、
メールで恐縮ですが私の正直な感想をお伝えさせていただきます。
私が英検を初めて受けたのは高校一年の夏ですが、英検3級から始めて
まさか20年後に英検1級まで取得していると当然ながら想像していませんでした。
学生時代に始めた事がこの歳になり完結できた事は達成感や、懐かしさを感じる事ができました。
最後に1級は栗坂さん式二刀流攻略法のお力添えのおかげです。改めてありがとうございました！！」
【神戸市 外資系営業 35歳 男性 SN様】
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■『4ヶ月以上 お得な長期合格パッケージ』【パーソナル型学習お見積り】お問い合わせはこちら→
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★英検1級合格者の声
先生のご指導を受けて思ったのは先生の教材や学習方法はほんとに英語学習に必要な
ノウハウが濃縮していることです。私は英語を教える仕事に長年携わってきましたが、
なかなか訳読法はよくやっていたものの、4技能のバランスを取った指導方法が
よくわからず、試行錯誤していたところでした。
おかげでその指導方法に必要なものも同時に学習することができました。
最近はいろんな英語教材がたくさんありますが、このような教材は
他に出会ったことがありません。
欲を言うならば、もっと早くにであってたらと悔やんだしだいです。
まさに目からうろこでした。」
【愛媛県 県立高校英語教諭 42歳 男性 大川光基様】
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■敵を知らずんば合格はあらず！
「2017年度第3回英検1級【一次】試験 分析＋栗坂式必勝合格実践法」→
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■敵を知るからこそ合格あり！
「2016年度第3回 英検１級【二次】試験 分析＋栗坂式二次合格実践法」→
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■14年間累計1,000人英検1級を合格させた【合格者の声】 →
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■CAN-DO SPIRIT COACHユーチューブ【無料】動画チャンネル 95種類の栗坂式二刀流攻略法英検1級対策動画→
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■ 奇跡の大逆転一次合格64人輩出！実証済、実績済「12英作特訓コース」73人の受講生の声
→
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■『栗坂式省エネ15分英作ステップ』で
1000人の英検1級合格者を輩出した実証済、実績済、再現性のある方法論決定版！
「12英作特訓コース」 →
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★『栗坂式省エネ15分英作ステップ』で英検1級合格達成！
『自らの目を疑いましたよ。作文が満点です。メソッドは
5段落構成で全てを型にはめ込むだけの『栗坂式省エネ15分英作ステップ』。
しかし、こんな私でも満点取れるなら、みなさんにもぜひ、
『栗坂式省エネ15分英作ステップ』をお勧めします。』
【25年ぶりの英検1級合格！横浜市 都築総合学園職員 下鶴久様】
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□2018年度第2回（10月7日実施） 英検１級 1次試験日まで残り37日□
●一次受験お申込みはこちら（個人申込）【2018年8月1日（水）～9月14日（金）】 →
□2018年度第3回（2019年1月27日実施） 英検１級 1次試験日まで残り149日□
□2018年度第2回（【A日程】11月4日実施）英検１級二次試験日まで残り65日□
●【A日程】20歳以下ならびに21歳以上は札幌、仙台、新潟、京都、
島、福岡、那覇の7都市受験希望者
□2018年度第2回（【B日程】11月11日実施） 英検1級二次試験日まで残り24日□
●【B日程】21歳以上で東京、横浜、名古屋、大阪受験会場希望者
2018年8月31日金曜日
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『一次英作出題予想的中率71％実績プロの一次英作【出題予想大】30トピック』
それでは、『一次英作出題予想的中率71％実績プロの一次英作【出題予想大】30トピック』にまいりましょう！
過去問を分析すれば一目瞭然なのですが過去問が示す通り英検１級の【出題傾向と難易度激変！】は
2016年度リニューアルの第1回からではなく、2015年度から様変わりしています。
つまり2015年度から国内のトップ大学の大学受験問題作成プロの教授10名から構成する
【英検1級問題作成委員会】の英検1級問題作成者10名が総入れ替えとなったという事実も確認済です。
それでは、2016年度リニューアル以降の
英検1級一次試験英作の【新出題傾向】をまとめてご紹介差し上げましょう。
∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞
■2016年度リニューアル英検1級一次英作問題【新出題傾向】
∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞
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（１）新出題傾向１．【「賛否両論」＝【難易度大】】
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20年前にさかのぼったclone research, death penalty等クラッシックで、「賛否両論」の
トピック問題が2015年度第1回でclone researchと、
2016年度第3回でdeath penaltyが出題。
（例）
1.Can possessing 【nuclear weapon】 be worked as a 【detterent】?
2.Can 【euthanes】ia be justified to be legalized?
3.De 【the benefits of globalization】 outweigh its demerits?
4.Agree or disagree: 【Space exploration】 should be continued?
5.Should more be done to grapple with 【hunger】?
6.Should 【copyright】 be more protected in our society?
7.Can we eradicate 【obesity】?
8.Should we push harder to tackle 【poverty】?
9.Should the international community make more efforts to fight 【cybercrimes】?
10.Is 【the gap between the rich and the poor】 getting wider globally?
2016年度第1回 英検1級一次試験英作トピック問題
【今現在の世界情勢の背景知識を要求した【●賛否両論】トピック 【難易度大】
11.Agree or disagree: 【World peace】 is an achievable goal
2016年度第3回 英検1級一次試験英作トピック問題
【今現在の世界情勢の背景知識を要求した【●賛否両論】トピック 【難易度大】
12.Should 【the death penalty】 be banned in Japan?
2017年度第2回 英検1級一次試験英作トピック問題
【immigrationの定義は移民と、難民の両方を含む「●賛否両論】トピック 【難易度大】
13.Should developed nations encourage 【immigration】 from other countries?
2017年度第3回 英検1級一次試験英作トピック問題
【今現在の世界情勢の背景知識を要求した【●賛否両論】トピック 【難易度大】
14.Should 【Japan】 rethink its 【relationship with the United States】?
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（２） 新出題傾向２．【「抽象的」＝【難易度大】】
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anti-globalization, capitalism, populism, nationalism等、頭の中でイメージを
描けない抽象的なトピック問題。
2016年度第2回英検1級一次試験英作でdemocratizationが抽象的、また2017年度第1回英検1級一次試験英作で
restrictions on freedom of speechも抽象的なトピックが出題されています。
（例）
1.Is world becoming 【anti-globalization】?
2. Should 【capitalism】 be more recognized in our modern society?
3.Will 【nationalism】 be spread for the next ten years?
4.Will【populism play】 more a positive role than 【democracy】?
5.Is 【corporate social responsibility】 deteriorationg?
6.Agree of disagree: 【National identity】 is becoming less important in today’s global society
7.Will the latest movement of 【nationalism】 cause another 【global war】?
8.Should we put more emphasis on 【outcome of performance】 more than 【efforts on the process】?
9.Is 【family’s bond】 getting weaker?
10.Should we more support 【copyright】 in our modern society?
2016年度第2回 英検1級一次試験英作トピック問題
【●抽象的】トピック 【難易度大】
11.Should democratic naitions actively promote
the spread of 【democracy】 to nondemocratic nations?
2017年度第1回 英検1級一次試験英作トピック問題
【●抽象的】トピック 【難易度大】
12.Can 【restrictions of freedom of speech】 ever be justified?
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（３） 新出題傾向３．【「２つの議題】＝【難易度大】】
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2016年度リニューアルから【●特に、二次試験が難化した原因】は2つの議題（何について？）が
入ったトピック問題の出題が2017度第1回では計20の出題トピックから3割も出題されています。
この傾向が一次試験英作でも出題される可能性大と予想いたしております。（難易度出題予想的中率83％実績）
（例）
1.Should 【economic development】 be a higher priority for developing countries
than 【environmental protection】?
2.Will 【populism】 phay a more positive role than 【democracy】?
3.Should 【protecting classified information】 be put more emphasis on than 【right to know】?
4.Will 【artificial intelligence】 be the threat of 【a jobless future】?
5.Can we maintain the harmony between 【environmental protection】 and 【economic growth】?
6.Should 【national security】be a higher priority than 【privacy】?
7.Will 【global warming】 cause more 【extreme weather】?
8.Is 【higher education】 a key to a 【country’s prosperity】?
9.Is 【climate change】 【a moral obligation】 to be solved?
10.Will the latest movement of 【nationalism】 cause another 【global war】?
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（４）【国内外の社会問題トピック背景知識修得実践法 教材は『ＮＨＫ解説委員室』ブログ】
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2016年度リニューアル第1回は2016年6月12日に一次試験が実施された
TOPICはAgree or disagree: World peace is an achievable goal
その半年前にさかのぼり2015年12月12日頃から、既に問題作成に着手しているのです。
英検1級一次試験問題は一次試験日から1ヶ月前までには既に出来上がっています。
そう、英検1級一次英作問題作成者は英検1級一次試験日の半年前から、
用意周到に一次英作問題を作成しているのですね。
【2016年度第1回一次試験の半年前2015年12月12日頃の、世界各地で起きた主なテロ 時系列】
・2015年11月13日 パリ中心部の劇場や飲食店など6カ所で銃乱射や爆発が起き、
130人が死亡。過激派組織「イスラム国」（ＩＳ）が犯行声明
・2015年12月2日 米西部カリフォルニア州サンバーナディーノの福祉施設で
武装した男女が発砲。14人死亡
・2016年3月22日 ベルギー・ブリュッセルの地下鉄駅と国際空港で同時テロ。
32人死亡、日本人2人を含む約340人負傷。ＩＳが犯行声明
・シリア内戦は2011年3月15日より始まり、現在も続く反政府運動及びシリア政府軍と。
シリアの反体制派による武力衝突が7年にわたって泥沼化。
【テロリズムやシリア内戦等、紛争が世界的に吹き荒れた背景知識】をつかんでいれば、
●2016年6月12日英検1級一次試験実施当時の世界情勢と照らし合わせながら
世界は紛争だらけで平和には程遠い。
仮にWorld peaceはachievable goal は否定（ＮＯ）の結論とすると、
「栗差式省エネ15分英作ステップ」に従って
【短所（many conflicts, a threat of terrorism,】が理由センテンスとなり
事例センテンスも世界各地で起きた主なテロを活用できるので結論は（ＮＯ）が
速く書ける。
●つまり、試験当日の半年前にさかのぼった世界的な社会問題は常日頃から毎日
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
触れながら背景知識を学び続ける必要があるのです。
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
■【背景知識修得実践法 ステップ１．】
受験生の大半が【国語力が不足】しています。まずは日本語で考え、
それを平易な英文に言い換えて英作できるように国語力をフル活用して
分かりやすく国内外の社会問題を網羅した良質の教材『ＮＨＫ解説委員室』ブログを
フル活用しましょう！
●ＮＨＫ解説委員室 →
■【背景知識修得実践法 ステップ２．】
ホームページを訪問後、8月30日（木）付に2つの社会問題トピックが最上部に
掲載されています。●国内外の社会問題1トピックを選ぶ基準は、
【国内外の社会問題でよりインパクトのあるトピックを選ぶ！】基準に基づき
『難民問題を観て考える』→
を【速読で音読】しながら、【現状】難民や国内避難民が６８５０万人。
と【事例１つ】ミャンマー政府はロヒンギャの人たちを不法移民扱いで弾圧→
70万人バングラデシュ避難 ダイアリーに書き写しましょう！
ダイアリーを日常生活の感想等だけではなく学びの場としてフル活用しましょう！
●1日1トピックを選んで【継続学習】に挑戦しましょう。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
（５）【一次英作 採点方法】＋【7割取れるキモ】
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
【Writing】素点32点/100点満点 CSE850点満点
●【英検協会お知らせ】ライティングテストの採点に関する観点および注意点 →
・内容（理由、事例） （一人の採点官持ち点4点）×2人＝8点
・構成（接続詞、分かりやすい、論理的） （一人の採点官持ち点4点）×2人＝8点
・語彙（同じ単語2回以上減点、自然な英語） （一人の採点官持ち点4点）×2人＝8点
・文法（同じセンテンス2回以上減点、言い換え必要） （一人の採点官持ち点4点）×2人＝8点
●英検1級のみ10,425回の添削プロが指南する【7割取れる(素点23/32点、正答率72％）キモ】
第1段落 【結論センテンス】が必要
第2～第4段落 【各理由1センテンス】と【事例センテンス】が必要。
第5段落 【結論の言い換えセンテンス（強調の役割）】が必要。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
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（６）【出題ジャンルは一次試験と二次試験共通の国内外の社会問題】
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第1位 政治・経済・法律の、日本国内外のあらゆる社会問題ジャンル
第2位 ビジネスの、日本国内外のあらゆる社会問題ジャンル
第3位 科学・テクノロジー・環境の日本国内外のあらゆる社会問題ジャンル
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（７）【理由センテンスの要点、名詞（句）】は他トピック課題でも【理由として使いまわしできる！】
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（例）TOPIC
Does the Internet contribute to our modern society?
●結論（言い換え）The Internet plays a crucial role in our modern society.
●理由1センテンス The Internet can bring out more 【convenience】.
理由1センテンスの要点、名詞（句）【convenience】は、他トピック課題でも
【理由センテンスの要点、名詞（句）として使いまわしが可能！】
■【他トピックで、理由の名詞（句）使いまわし事例１．】
TOPIC
Does advanced technology contribute to our modern society?
●結論（言い換え）Advanced technology plays a crucial role in our modern society.
●理由1センテンス Advanced technology can bring out more 【convenience】.
■【他トピックで、理由の名詞（句）使いまわし事例２．】
TOPIC
Does the mobile phone contribute to our modern society?
●結論（言い換え）The mobile phon plays a crucial role in our modern society.
●理由1センテンス The mobile phon can bring out more 【convenience】.
の理由1センテンスは
The InternetのTOPICと同様に
～～～～～～～～～～～～～
【理由センテンスの要点、名詞（句）】の
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
【conven
ience】が、advanced technologyやthe mobile phoneのTOPICと同様に
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
【使いまわしできる！】
～～～～～～～～～～
●つまり100トピック課題や200トピック課題をむやみやたらに量をこなすのではなく
【英検1級一次英作出題率大トピック課題は50トピック課題前後で全ジャンルをカバーできる！】
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞
■『一次英作出題予想的中率71％実績プロの一次英作【出題予想大】30トピック』
∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
●CAN-DO SPIRIT COACH 英検1級一次英作【実績】
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
（１）おかげさまで、2016年度リニューアル以降7英作トピック問題出題中、
累計5回英検1級一次英作出題予想トピック（2018年度第1回英検1級一次英作2020 Summer Olympics含む）的中！
●【一次英作出題予想的中率驚異の７１％実績！】
●ユーチューブ動画 2016年度第3回一次英作Death Penalty出題予想的中！
No 76『2017年1月22日英検1級一次試験全科目難易度出題予想』
11分46秒で確認できます！ →
（２）2016年度リニューアル以降は、リーディングとリスニングの実力が56％でも、
【栗坂式省エネ15分英作】で9割以上の高得点で【奇跡の大逆転一次合格累計64人輩出】。
a. 2016年度第2回英検1級一次試験英作では、【栗坂式省エネ15分英作】で12名が高得点で大逆転の一次試験合格達成実績！！！
b. 2016年度第3回英検1級一次試験英作では、【栗坂式省エネ15分英作】で10名が高得点で大逆転の一次試験合格達成実績！！！
c. 2017年度第1回英検1級一次試験英作では、【栗坂式省エネ15分英作】で11名が高得点で大逆転の一次試験合格達成実績！！！
d. 2017年度第2回英検1級一次試験英作では、【栗坂式省エネ15分英作】で10名が高得点で大逆転の一次試験合格達成実績！！！
e. 2017年度第3回英検1級一次試験英作では、【栗坂式省エネ15分英作】で 9名が高得点で大逆転の一次試験合格達成実績！！！
f. 2018年度第1回英検1級一次試験英作では、【栗坂式省エネ15分英作】で12名が高得点で大逆転の一次試験合格達成実績！！！
（３）【栗坂式省エネ15分英作】で2016年度リニューアル第1回一次試験英作で満点達成実績！
（４）世界一の英検1級英作のみの10,425回累計添削実績。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
■『一次英作出題予想的中率71％実績プロの一次英作【出題予想大】30トピック』
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1. Should sport athletes put more emphasis on the spirit of fair play than unnecessary rough play?
2. Should more be done to grapple with food waste?
3. Will nationalism be spread for the next ten years?
4. Don’t you think we too much rely on a mobile phone?
5. Will populism play more a positive role than democracy?
6. Should the international community push harder to accept more refugees?
7. Should protecting classified information be put more emphasis than right to know?
8. Do benefits on the use of drone outweigh its demerits?
9. Will artificial intelligence be the threat of a jobless future?
10. Can possessing nuclear weapon for a country be worked as a deterrent?
11. Do the merits of self-driving cars outweigh the demerits?
12. Agree or disagree: Space exploration should be continued
13. Is euthanasia be justified to be legalized?
14. Can the international community tackle global pandemic?
15. Can we maintain the harmony between environmental protection and economic growth?
16. Is it worth learning religion?
17. Is world becoming anti-globalization?
18. Agree or disagree: same-sex marriage
19. Should national security be a higher priority than privacy?
20. Is higher education a key to a country’s prosperity?
21. Do working long hours benefit productivity?
22. Should organ transplant more be considered in our modern society?
23. Should capitalism be more recognized in our modern society?
24. Should we more support copyright in our modern society?
25. Will society with an aging population face a crisis in the future?
26. Is corporate social responsibility deteriorating?
27. Is climate change a moral obligation to be solved?
28. Should governmennt push harder to cope with medical errors?
29. Should women’t rights more recognized as human rights in our modern society?
30. Do the benefits of genetically modified crops outweigh the dangers?
∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞
繰り返します。
■敵を知らずんば合格はあらず！
そう、敵を知ったら即刻【対策】を打つのが、１０％の合格者グループの【行動力の鬼】たるゆえんです。
今日も『一次英作出題予想的中率71％実績プロの一次英作【出題予想大】30トピック』を、
読んでいただいてありがとうございました。
＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/＿/
無料メルマガ『英検1級栗坂式二刀流攻略法＋1単語クイズ』（365日年中無休配信）
発行責任者： 栗坂幸四郎
発行元： CAN-DO SPIRIT COACH (英検1級・準1級・TOEIC満点対策コーチ)
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たとえ個人や家庭内の利用でも著作権法違反です。
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